AUCTION RESULTS*

OHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION

COINS, MEDALS AND CURRENCY Part XVI

NUMISMATIC AMERICAN HISTORY

MEDALLIC DISTINCTIONS AWARDED TO FIRST PEOPLES

Nueva Espana La Nouvelle-France British North America The United States of America

OCTOBER 17, 2006

1 23 West 57th Street • New York, NY

PUBLIC AUCTION SALE

LOT #	PRICE	LOT #	PRICE	LOT #	PRICE	LOT #	PRICE
1	1300.00	60	13000.00	119	14000.00	178	26000.00
2	1200.00	61	12000.00	120	27500.00	179	1500.00
3	550.00	62	11000.00	121	9000.00	180	1400.00
4	2800.00	63	12000.00	122	9000.00	181	1300.00
5	1000.00	64	11000.00	123	9500.00	182	175000.00
6	1200.00	65	7500.00	124	7000.00	183	26000.00
7	1300.00	66	4000.00	125	22500.00	184	15000.00
8	1500.00	67	15000.00	126	26000.00	185	950.00
9	800.00	68	10500.00	127	18000.00	186	950.00
10	1300.00	69	11000.00	128	25000.00	187	550.00
11	800.00	70	6500.00	129	19000.00	188	5500.00
12	725.00	71	6000.00	130	22000.00	189	125.00
13	650.00	72	5500.00	131	7500.00
14	400.00	73	2200.00	132	13000.00
15	300.00	74	450.00	133	16000.00
16	225.00	75	4500.00	134	14000.00
17	300.00	76	4000.00	135	12000.00
18	325.00	77	8000.00	136	16000.00
19	525.00	78	9000.00	137	19000.00
20	350.00	79	2000.00	138	17000.00
21	325.00	80	5500.00	139	36000.00
22	300.00	81	5000.00	140	22000.00
23	225.00	82	4500.00	141	28000.00
24	500.00	83	15000.00	142	18000.00
25	210.00	84	5500.00	143	26000.00
26	5500.00	85	11000.00	144	16000.00
27	3500.00	86	6500.00	145	14000.00
28	1200.00	87	5000.00	146	28000.00
29	3750.00	88	1600.00	147	9000.00
30	175.00	89	2600.00	148	10000.00
31	2800.00	90	3250.00	149	11000.00
32	2600.00	91	135.00	150	28000.00
33	2600.00	92	2000.00	151	14000.00
34	1900.00	93	3750.00	152	11000.00
35	1800.00	94	800.00	153	11000.00
36	1800.00	95	1800.00	154	15000.00
37	2200.00	96	2000.00	155	13500.00
38	7000.00	97	700.00	156	30000.00
39	80000.00	98	1000.00	157	19000.00
40	30000.00	99	800.00	158	17000.00
41	18000.00	100	50000.00	159	17000.00
42	6500.00	101	16000.00	160	13000.00
43	3250.00	102	17000.00	161	14000.00
44	2800.00	103	32500.00	162	3000.00
45	2200.00	104	15000.00	163	20000.00
46	900.00	105	32500.00	164	13000.00
47	135000.00	106	17000.00	165	7000.00
48	4000.00	107	165000.00	166	8000.00
49	1900.00	108	160000.00	167	4750.00
50	22000.00	109	150000.00	168	32000.00
51	16000.00	110	50000.00	169	18000.00
52	5500.00	111	26000.00	170	8500.00
53	16000.00	112	20000.00	171	17000.00
54	11000.00	113	20000.00	172	15000.00
55	9000.00	114	17000.00	173	12000.00
56	9000.00	115	16000.00	174	16000.00
57	6500.00	116	12000.00	175	46000.00
58	325.00	117	35000.00	176	85000.00
59	14000 .00	118	15000.00	177	36000.00

Stack’s suggests that you employ not only prices realized but also other readily available sources of information in establishing numismatic market value.

*These prices represent the last price called by the auctioneer (the “hammer price”) and do not include the

15% Buyer’s Fee.

STACK’S NUMISMATISTS Appraisals Auctions Retail SINCE 1935

JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION

COINS, MEDALS AND CURRENCY

Part XVI

NUMISMATIC AMERICAN HISTORY

MEDALLIC DISTINCTIONS AWARDED TO FIRST PEOPLES

Nueva Espana La Nouvelle-France British North America The United States of America

OCTOBER 17, 2006

123 West 57th Street • New York, NY

PUBLIC AUCTION SALE

FRONT COVER

The flag illustrated is the “Powell Standard,” National Standard of the Philadelphia Light Horse (First City Troop), circa 1797. Image courtesy of “The Museum of the First Troop, Philadelphia City Cavalry.”

PUB

LIC A U C

T I O N SALE

JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION

COINS, MEDALS AND CURRENCY

Part XVI

OCTOBER 17, 2006

Tuesday Evening, October 17, 2006 6:30 EM. Sharp Lots 1-189

Lot Viewing

October 9, 2006 October 10, 2006 October 11, 2006 October 12, 2006

May 8-12, 2006 — By Appointment Only.

10:30 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. 10:30 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. 10:30 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. 10:30 A.M. to 4:30 P.M.

October 13, 2006 October 16, 2006 October 17, 2006

10:30 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. 10:30 A.M. to 4:30 P.M. 10:30 A.M. to 4:30 P.M.

Lots will be available for viewing at the above times at our offices at 123 West 57th Street, N.Y. Positively no lots will be shown at Le Parker Meridien Hotel.

Public Auction Sale

This Public Auction Sale will be held in the Tansa Room (3rd floor) of LE PARKER MERIDIEN HOTEL, 118 West 57th Street, New York City (between 6th and 7th Avenues)

Catalogued by

123 WEST 57th STREET, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10019-2280 Telephone (212) 582-2580 FAX (212) 245-5018 or (212) 582-1946 info@stacks.com

Licensed Auctioneers: Harvey G. Stack, #0522763; Lawrence Stack, #0798114.

FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE— BANK WIRING INFORMATION

Commerce Bank

ABA #026 013 673 Acct. #7916044345 For The Account of: Stack’s LLC

Pre-Sale Online Bidding available at www.stacks.com

Harvey G. Stack Lawrence R. Stack Susan C. Stack

NUMISMATIC STAFF NUMISMATIC CONSULTANTS

David T. Alexander Michael Hodder

Scott Mitchell Bruce R. Hagen

Tom Panichella NUMISMATIC PRODUCTION AND GRAPHICS

Vicken Yegparian Jan Eric Blamberg

JOHN J. FORD, Jr.

An Appreciation From a Friend

Almost all of the previous Ford catalogs have started with an appreciation of Mr. Ford written by a well-known numis- matist friend of his. I tried to select as authors those who had something to do with the material in the catalogue each was to introduce, either as an expert in the field, a noted collec- tor, or a well-known professional numismatist. I have chosen myself to write the following introductory words.

Indian Peace Medals were Mr. Ford’s most favorite collec- table. He lavished more study and spent more money on them than on anything else he collected. If there was one nu- mismatic project he wanted to start more than any other it was an in-depth study of the American medals in this series. Had he lived to finish his project it would have been his crowning achievement, but he died before he really had the project underway. The Indian medals he collected are an im- portant part of his legacy to the numismatic world. This cata- logue and the one to follow next year are my tribute to his intention.

Everyone seems to remember his first encounter with John Ford. For my part, I was a novice coin cataloguer in Septem- ber 1982, working from an office at the end of a corridor in Sotheby’s crowded quarters at 980 Madison Avenue in New York City. One afternoon I received a call from a man whose voice had a remarkably commanding quality. He introduced himself as a Mr. Ford, said he was at Sotheby’s to discuss an early printed copy of the Declaration of Independence, and thought he might introduce himself to the fellow who had catalogued the Scott-Kinear Collection scheduled for sale the following month. The sale included the finest known Baldwin $10 Horseman and a Wiegand gold bar among other great items. I had never heard of Mr. Ford before, but the reso- nance of his voice suggested he might be someone worth meeting.

The man who introduced himself as Mr. Ford was dressed in a full length wool overcoat and wore a homburg and pigskin gloves despite the warmth of the Indian Summer af- ternoon. His shoes were so well polished my eyes hurt to look at them. He looked like a guy who could buy anything he wanted out of any Sotheby’s catalogue he saw. Later, when I got to know Mr. Ford better, he told me that his best client, Mrs. Emery May Norweb, instructed him to dress to look like “he could buy the place,” as he put it. After introductions were over Mr. Ford invited me to accompany him across Madison Avenue and have a drink at the Carlyle Hotel bar across the street. For the rest of the afternoon we talked coins, documents, obscure World War II engagements and when we parted we found we had always been friends even if we had only just met each other.

The phone call that started our friendship was just the first in an unbroken line for the next 20 years. John called me nearly every day; our conversations usually lasted an hour or more. If I hadn’t heard from John for a day or so I’d worry about his health; if he hadn’t heard from me he’d be indignant at my neglect. Over the ensuing years our friend- ship became indissoluble. I soon came to realize that in the fields of medals and tokens there was no one to touch him, he knew the objects, the collectors, the market, and the history behind all three better than anyone else. He came to under- stand my opinion about colonial coins and medals might be worth listening to.

We worked well together, ferreting out information about coins and medals or tokens that added to their interest and value. He could talk about Tom Elder and Henry Ch;' as if he had been brought up at their feet. His library was excelled and he never bejii ud i 1 ; ;ng the information he

found in it. He was proud of his collections and very aware of their importance. I believe he knew from a very early age that he was destined for some form of greatness. When he discovered his talent for numismatics I believe he realized that was where he would make his mark on life.

Once a year he’d spend a week working the annual ANA convention looking for what he liked to call targets of oppor- tunity. I tagged along as much to keep him company as to learn from him as he canvassed the floor. On PNG Day we’d cajole some local collector or dealer into driving us around town so we could find fresh fruit, skim milk, and low carb fat free snacks to help us survive in place of the standard, inedi- ble convention fare. We would take adjoining rooms and who- ever had the fridge wound up sharing the room with everyone who dropped by to chat or share a “real food meal.” I felt it must have been like this in the old days, when the coin business was fun, and I treasured every minute of every ANA convention.

Mr. Ford was the consummate perfectionist in all he did. At first this was a talent and a definite advantage in a field that was, until the early 1980s, characterized by lazy think- ing and careless writing. Later on his fastidiousness became something of a handicap, but in the 1960s Mr. Ford’s quest for the perfect way of describing in words what he saw with his eyes on a coin or medal led him to create the New Nether- lands style of auction cataloguing. If I were to choose any one achievement of his I would say that it was as a cataloguer that he enjoyed his finest hour. Each of John’s descriptions of numismatic objects has an internal structure that does not vary from item to item. The best term I can find to describe this is “cadence”, each of his catalogue descriptions marches along the page to the same beat as every other one.

Important, observable facts about coins or medals or what have you are presented in the same place in each description. Commentary, grade, provenance and estimate of rarity all follow the presentation of the unarguable facts about the ob- ject being described. Sentence structures are tight enough that transitive verbs do not seem to weaken them; the pas- sive voice almost never entered a Ford description. If a coin or medal is important for some solid reason that observation is made and because Mr. Ford knew his stuff little slipped through and less went unnoticed. New Netherlands did not need to hype its product, the things it handled were allowed to speak for themselves and that did more to get them top dollar when they sold than any amount of hyperbole ever might. John’s numismatic cataloguing style has been imi- tated and occasionally equalled but it hasn’t been bettered.

For almost all of his career Mr. Ford was a step ahead of the rest. He always seemed to already have a mature collec- tion of a numismatic area that everyone else was only just beginning to think about. If you called him up to ask whether he had ever heard of a rare variety of a colonial copper coin, for example, he’d not only tell you something about the vari- ety, he’d also give you the provenance of the specimen you were asking about and tell you how many more of them there were, who owned them, how much they paid, and which one was the best of the survivors. His knowledge seemed to be uncanny and his memory for detail unnerving.

Mr. Ford did not suffer fools gladly and did not indulge in flattery, so he had few real friends in numismatics. Many of those he did have and who are still active have written their appreciations in these pages. If there is one thing I regret it’s that he could not have read the catalogues Stack’s has pub- lished for his collections. My part in them has been the best way I have of saying that he was once my best friend.

Mike Hodder

— 2 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION, PART XVI

TUESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 17, 2006 6:30 P.M. SHARP LOTS 1 - 189

IMPORTANT NOTICE

In accordance with the terms of sale, each successful bidder also agrees to pay a buyer’s charge of fifteen percent (15%) of the winning bid recognized by the auctioneer.

MEDALS STRUCK FOR PRESENTATION TO NORTH AMERICAN FIRST PEOPLES BY SPAIN, FRANCE, GREAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 1680 - 1890

FRENCH AND SPANISH INDIAN MEDAL TYPES

Neither France nor Spain made medals specifi- cally and exclusively for presentation to Native American friends or allies. Rather, both nations turned to medals already in use for other pur- poses and chose particular types that would suit the diplomatic purpose.

True to the pragmatic nature of their race, the French in North America did not create a spe- cial medal for award only to First Peo- ples. Instead, they pressed into such service pre-existing medal types that were in use for other pur- poses. It should be noted that the French were never as thoughtless as the British when it came to presenting medals to elite Native Americans. Among the French, medals were given carefully and with aware- ness of the locations and loy- alties of power within the social grouping. Evidence for the presentation and wearing of medals of these types is well known and a few examples in sup- port of the medals to follow is offered in the descriptions below.

The best known of the French medals is the Louis XIV dynastic medal that bore the Sun King’s portrait on the obverse and those of his son and grandsons on the reverse. This type, known in different sizes in silver was the typical Indian reward through the first years of Louis XV’s reign. The dynastic medal is well known be- cause numerous examples can be found in the marketplace. Most of the specimens available never saw the neck of an elite First Peoples, how- ever. Mr. Ford preferred to believe that specimens with contemporary loops were awarded medals and collected those as “French Indian Peace

Medals.” A more conservative approach would only acknowledge those Louis XIV dynastic medals as awarded that had been found in an un- contaminated First Peoples context.

Another, less well known type was the Honos et Virtus military medal with a strongly classical re- verse theme that was not well chosen for the style of combat typical of the northern woodlands. The Honos et Virtus medal is exceptionally rare both as a silver original and as a sil- ver or copper Paris Mint re- strike. The example in the collection of the American Numismatic Society with George Ill’s name en- graved over that of his na- tion’s adversary’s is a remarkable piece. Mr. Ford was never able to find an “original” in silver or even in restrike form and had to satisfy himself with a later copper restrike.

In the case of the Spanish, whose typical gifts for Indians were flags and batons, local officers occasionally made presen- tation pieces from silver Crown-size coins. Official gifts at a higher level took the form, it is believed, of the A1 Merito y Fidelidad type military presen- tation medal with the royal portrait as the ob- verse. The evidence for the A1 Merito y Fidelidad medal being an Indian one is more hoped for than found, however, as the type that seems to have been the one earlier pressed into service as a do- native was the simpler A1 Merito one. Mr. Ford strongly believed the more complex type to have been multi-purpose, however, accounting for the presence of the type in his collection despite its being bronze and the type so late.

3

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: French Medals

1 France. Louis XTV. Felicitas Domus Augustae, 1693. Obverse signed I.DOLLIN.F. Betts 75 (types and layout of the largest size). Silver. 35.2mm. 245.8 gns. Rims 1.8 - 2.0mm thick. Bust right of Louis XTV; bust left of the dauphin above accollated busts of his three children. Looped at the top for wearing, probably remounted but the older type, round with point at apex. Edge plain, filed at top. Extremely Fine. Pale silver gray with light gold around the rims. Very rare in this size. Obverse die breaking from rim inwards at left.

That this type was presented to Native Americans friendly to the French is shown in the American Journal of Numismatics (April, 1877), in which Charles Anthon published a contemporary account of the type as follows: “Extract of a letter of Mother Mary of Saint Helena, hospital-nun of the Hotel-Dieu in Quebec, dated October 17, 1723. ..‘King Louis XTV had sent silver medals of considerable size, on one side of which was his portrait, and on the other that of the dauphin, his son, and of the three princes, children of the latter, to be given to those who should distinguish themselves in war. To them has long since been attached a flame-coloured ribbon, four fingers in breadth, and the whole decoration is highly prized among them. ..when any chief dies, he is honorably buried, a detachment of troops, parades, sev- eral volleys of musketry are fired over his grave, and on his coffin are laid a sword crossed with its scabbard and the medal under consideration fastened upon them.’ ”

Ex Jacques Schulman on May 24, 1967.

2 France. Louis XIV. Felicitas Domus Augustae, 1693. Obverse signed TB in ligature (T.Bernard). Betts 75 (types and layout of the largest size). Silver. 41.2mm. 607.1 gns. Rims 2.7 - 3.3mm thick. Bust right of Louis XIV; bust left of the dauphin above accollated busts of his three children. Looped at the top for wearing, possibly remounted, older style loop with point at apex. Plain edge. About Extremely Fine. Deep silver gray toning. Very rare in this size. No obvious signs of die damage either side.

That medals were signs of loyalty and trust among Native Americans, who took these symbols very seriously, can be seen in the following extracts from the New York State Museum, Bulletin 73 (Archaeol- ogy 8: Metallic Ornaments of the New York Indians, 1903, pp. 53-54): “Two Iroquois chiefs gave up their English medals to Vaudreuil in Aug. 1756. In December [1756]. ..an Oneida chief gave up two English medals to the French, saying: ‘Father. We can not retain two medals which we have formerly had the folly to accept from our brethren, the English, as a mark of distinction. We acknowledge that these medals have been the true cause of our errors, and that they have plunged us into bad business. We strip ourselves of them; we cast them from us, in order not to think any more of the English.’ To take off the medal was to renounce friendship or allegiance, and this the French encouraged when English medals were worn. A Seneca chief, who wore an English medal in 1757, said to Governor Vaudreuil: ‘I tear off the medal of the King of England, which hangs from my neck and trample it underfoot.’”

Ex Jean Vinchon ’ s sale of December 3, 1984, lot 713.

4 -

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: French Medals

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3 France. Louis XTV. Honos et Virtus, n.d. Reverse signed W. Betts 160. Copper. 56.0mm. 1,146.2 gns. Rims 3.5 - 3.7mm thick. Paris Mint edge type with cornucopia and CUIVRE (i.e., struck 1880 and after). Bust right of Louis XTV; personifications of military strength and honor shaking hands. About Uncircu- lated. Good deep mahogany color. Rare even in restrike copper form. Compare Stahl 2-4 (ANS COAC 1991) for the original designs for this type, which are quite different from that seen on this restrike.

In Victor Morin’s manuscript notes preserved in the Ford archive we read: “Certain numismatists have doubted that these medals were struck for the Indians of Canada, but conclusive proof is found in a letter by Father Reubaud, Jesuit missionary with the Abenakis, writing of the mission of Saint Fran- cois in Oct. 21, 1757, and preserved in Vol. Ill of Letters edifiantes et curieuses ecrites des Missions Etrangeres, where he describes a great assembly of Indian warriors and says ‘The Chiefs and the Cap- tains are thus distinguished, the former by the neck piece worn by officers and the latter by a medal which represents on one side the portrait of the King and on the reverse Mars and Bellone who hold each others hand, with this inscription, Honos et Virtus. He cites this from memory. At the present time these medals are still found in the possession of Indian Chiefs; Chief Mathias Francois, of Pictou, traces his to the time of the capture of Louisburg, the time he says when the Micmacs fought with the French against the English.’ Apparently, this medal was made in two sizes, large and small, as evi- denced by the presentation of one of each size to Menominee warriors by Louis de Bougainville on July 15, 1756. It should be noted that these seem to have been awarded as marks of military valor and not as tokens of allegiance or status.”

Ex Wayte Raymond Estate.

4 France. Louis Philippe. Donative medal, 1845. Obverse signed VATINELLE. Silver. 45.7mm.

747.6 gns. Rims 3.0 - 3.4mm thick. Paris Mint edge with pointing hand and ARGENT (June 1845 to October 1860). Bust left of the king; wreath within which neatly engraved DONNE Par Le ROI A Ke- che-us-sin. 1845. Choice Extremely Fine. Deeply toned. Neatly holed. Extremely rare as a donative type (there were certainly others), unique to this recipient. During 1837-38 George Catlin formed his “Indian Gallery” of artifacts and pictures and took it on tour across the northeast. In 1840 he opened the gallery in London. Needing a larger draw, Catlin joined forces with Arthur Rankin in 1843, hired Iowa Indians as actors, and staged shows for notables and the queen. In 1845 Catlin moved his gallery to Paris, where Louis Philippe gave him a room in the Louvre palace in which to stage his show. Given his ignorance of any obvious French political interest in native Americans in 1845, the cataloguer sug- gests the occasion for the presentation of this medal was the show Catlin staged for the king in the Louvre in 1845.

Ex Warren Baker, date not recorded; Joseph Mickley Collection (W.E. Woodward, October 28, 1867, lot 1002).

— 5 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Spanish Medal

5 Spanish Mexico. Charles IV. A1 Merito y Fidelidad, 1806. Obverse signed F.GORDILLO.F. Mo.Ao.1806. Grove C-283. Struck at the Mexico City Mint. Bronze. 60.5mm. 1.316.4 gns. Bust of Car- los IV right; inscription within palm and laurel wreath. Choice Extremely Fine. Edge filed anciently. Rims ragged in places as also seen on the Groves plate specimen. The A1 Merito medal type that seems to have been given to Native Americans in the southwest and central plains was the simple A1 Merito reverse type and not the A1 Merito y Fidelidad type as collected by Mr. Ford.

Ex Dr. Alberto F. Pradeau Collection (Superior, September 24, 1970, lot 821).

— 6 —

THE JOHN J. FORD. Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

BRITISH MEDALS KNOWN OR CONJECTURED TO HAVE BEEN PRESENTED TO NATIVE AMERICANS AS REWARDS OF MERIT OR MARKS OF DISTINCTION

Unlike the French and Spanish, the British government developed a regular system of medal presentation for native Americans, but this came fairly late in their presence along the Atlantic seaboard of the present United States. The earli- est medals presented to native Americans by English coloniz- ers were simple silver plates with hand engraved decorations and inscriptions. These were also, almost certainly, private affairs made without official sanction at the time. When In- dian relations first became a matter of interest to the crown, by the late 17th c., medallic gifts were ad hoc affairs and they remained so for almost the next century. The royal medal of Charles II, a generic type of no specific relevance to America, may have been pressed into service to act as an Indian gift but this is not certain even though Morin thought so.

Evidence is more definite from succeeding reigns. The sil- ver coronation medal of William and Mary, 1689, was used as a donative to native Americans visiting London. Anne’s silver accession medal, 1702, was also put to the same use. By George I’s reign a series of copper medals showing an archer

drawing down on a stag was being distributed along the western frontier, but these were not struck specifically as gifts for native Americans and were probably not official gifts either, but rather were presents made by frontier traders for locally important purposes. Silver gorgets, decorations typi- cal of military uniform, were also awarded as marks of dis- tinction and may have filled the role that medals later would. The smaller archery medals of George II may have been In- dian donatives, but the larger silver royal medal of the reign does seem to have been pressed into such service. All these medallic gifts were, however, on the order of “one-offs”, medals taken from stock and used as needed.

It was not until the reign of George III that a system of roy- ally sanctioned medals specially made and sized for cementing loyalty among native American tribes along the frontier was instituted. The British system, which survived the wars of 1776 and 1812 and found its fullest expression in Victoria’s Canadian Treaty series, was copied by the Americans.

CHARLES II

6 Charles II. The Royal Medal, n.d. [1683?]. Obverse signed R (John Roettier). Morin 8, p. 22 (Les medailles decernees aux Indiens, Ottawa, 1916), Medallic Illustrations 277. Silver. 53.7mm. 1,006.0 gns. Bust right; grand Arms and supporters. About Uncirculated. Deeply toned, the reverse in gun- metal gray. Prooflike. From the same dies as all six of these in the Ford Collection. There appears to be no documentary evidence that medals of this type were presented to elite Native Americans. Mr. Ford thought highly enough of the medal in a presentation context to have collected several examples of it. Chris Schenkel, who was a student of Ford’s when it came to Indian medals, also included a specimen in his own collection. Chris’ medal was featured in the 1985 National Portrait Gallery’s exhibition at the Smithsonian Institution. The present writer also catalogued Chris’ medal, a prooflike Unc. that sold for $990 in November, 1990.

Ex A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on June 23, 1969; said ex O’Byrne Collection.

CHARLES II

7 Charles II. The Royal Medal, n.d. [1683?]. Obverse signed R (John Roettier). Morin 8, p. 22, MI. 277. Silver. 53.8mm. 904.5 gns. Bust right; grand Arms and supporters. About Uncirculated. Light silver and gold toning. Prooflike. From the same dies as all six of these in the Ford Collection.

Ex A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on November 18, 1964.

8 Charles II. The Royal Medal, n.d. [1683?]. Obverse signed R (John Roettier). Morin 8, p. 22, MI. 277. Silver. 53.4mm. 1,068.9 gns. Bust right; grand Arms and supporters. Choice Extremely Fine. Prooflike. Polished. Probably once in a bezel mount. From the same dies as all six of these in the Ford Collection.

Ex Spink & Son, Ltd. on October 10, 1969.

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9 Charles II. The Royal Medal, n.d. [1683?]. Obverse signed R (John Roettier). Morin 8, p. 22, MI. 277. Silver. 53.4mm. 1,000.9 gns. Bust right; grand Arms and supporters. Extremely Fine. Prooflike. Holed at the top, plugged. Lightly polished. With worn round black leather clad case, brass hinge, two hook and eye clasps (one broken), the whole warped, apparently contemporary. From the same dies as all six of these in the Ford Collection.

Ex Christie’s (London) sale of October 28, 1964, lot 14.

— 8 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

CHARLES II

10 Charles II. The Royal Medal, n.d. [1683?]. Obverse signed R (John Roettier). Morin 8, p. 22, MI. 277. Bronze, gilt. 53.8mm. 848.1 gns. Bust right; grand Arms and supporters. Extremely Fine. Gilding mostly intact. Edge scraped, test custs there. Once mounted at the top of the obverse. Some handling marks. From the same dies as all six of these in the Ford Collection.

Ex A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on June 23, 1969.

11 Charles II. The Royal Medal, n.d. [1683?]. Obverse signed R (John Roettier). Morin 8, p. 22, MI. 277. Bronze, gilt. 53.8mm. 852.7 gns. Bust right; grand Arms and supporters. Extremely Fine. Gilding worn on the high points. Once mounted at the top of obverse. From the same dies as all six of these in the Ford Collection.

Ex A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on July 2, 1971.

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

WILLIAM AND MARY

12 William and Mary. Coronation medal, 1689. Unsigned. MI. 25. Silver. 35.9mm. 260.3 gns. 2.0mm thick at center. Busts right (Obverse 1: leaves point to base of A; MARIA narrow; break from rim to left side second A to curls); Jupiter thundering at Phaeton (Reverse A: 9 in 1689 under first 1 in 11 AP; GVR wide). Fine to Very Fine. Neatly holed. The portrait of Cherokee leader Cunne Shote, painted in London in 1762 and now in the collection of the Gilcrease Museum, shows him wearing one of these around his neck alongside an Anne accession medal and above a George I gorget.

Ex A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on July 2, 1971.

13 William and Mary. Coronation medal, 1689. Unsigned. MI. 25. Silver. 35.2mm. 253.8 gns. 2.0mm thick at center. Busts right (Obverse 2: leaves point to M and space between MA; MARIA wide); Jupiter thundering at Phaeton (Reverse B: ‘9’ in 1689 under stop between ‘T’ and ‘11’). Fine to Very Fine. Nicely toned. Not holed. These seem to come on thick or thin flans.

Ex A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on July 2, 1971.

Portrait of Cunne Shote by Francis Parsons, 1 762. Note the two medals and gorget he wears.

© Sotheby’s Inc., 1999

— 10 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

WILLIAM AND MARY

fcs.. <1 *31 $

14 William and Mary. Coronation medal, 1689. Unsigned. MI. 25. Silver. 35.3mm. 247.3 gns. 2.0mm thick at center. Busts right (Obverse 1); Jupiter thundering at Phaeton (Reverse A). Fine. Not holed.

Ex A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on July 2, 1971.

15 William and Mary. Coronation medal, 1689. Unsigned. MI. 25. Silver. 35.5mm. 262.7 gns. 2.0mm thick at center. Busts right (Obverse 1); Jupiter thundering at Phaeton (Reverse A). Fine. Lightly buffed. Not holed.

Ex A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on July 2, 1971.

16 William and Mary. Coronation medal, 1689. Unsigned. MI. 25. Silver. 33.9mm. 151.8 gns. 1.3mm thick at center. Busts right (Obverse 3: leaves point to bases of A and R); Jupiter thundering at Phaeton (Reverse C: ‘9’ in 1689 under first T’; GVR narrow). Very Good to Fine. Not holed.

Ex A H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on July 2, 1971.

Lot No. 17

17 William and Mary. Coronation medal, 1689. Unsigned. MI. 25. Silver, gilt. 35.7mm. 131.5 gns. 1.3mm thick at center. Busts right (Obverse 3); Jupiter thundering at Phaeton (Reverse C). Very Fine, cleaned with reverse hits. Not holed.

Ex A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on July 2, 1971.

— 11 —

:*>.Q

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

QUEEN ANNE

18 Anne. Accession medal, 1702. Unsigned [John Croker]. MI.l. Silver. 35.5mm. 240.4 gns. Bust left (Obverse 1: AN touch); crowned heart within its English branches (Reverse A: second V repunched; acorn points to right side of L; breaks from rim at top). Not holed. About Uncirculated. Semi-prooflike. Dark toning. Edge anciently filed. The portrait of Cherokee leader Cunne Shote, painted in London in 1762 and now in the collection of the Gilcrease Museum, shows him wearing one of these around his neck alongside a William and Mary coronation medal and above a George I gorget.

Ex A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on July 2, 1971.

19 Anne. Accession medal, 1702. Unsigned [John Croker]. MI.l. Silver. 36.0mm. 245.0 gns. Bust left (Obverse 2: ANN touch); crowned heart within its English branches (Reverse B: second V perfect; acorn centered under L; no breaks from rim at top). Not holed. About Uncirculated. Prooflike. Nicely toned. Edge flawed and anciently filed.

Ex A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on July 2, 1971.

20 Anne. Accession medal, 1702. Unsigned [John Croker]. MI.l. Silver. 35.2mm. 235.0 gns. Bust left (Obverse 1); crowned heart within its English branches (Reverse C: no acorn L). Not holed. Nice Ex- tremely Fine. Attractively toned. Edge anciently filed.

Ex A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on July 2, 1971.

21 Anne. Accession medal, 1702. Unsigned [John Crokerl. MI.l. Silver. 35.1mm. 242.8 gns. Bust left (Obverse 1); crowned heart within its English branches (Reverse D: acorn points to space between SH). Not holed. About Extremely Fine. Nicely toned. Edge flawed and anciently filed.

Ex A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on July 2, 1971.

— 12 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

QUEEN ANNE

22 Anne. Accession medal, 1702. Unsigned [John Croker]. MI.l. Silver. 35.7mm. 239.0 gns. Bust left (Obverse 3: AN do not touch); crowned heart within its English branches (Reverse B). Not holed. Choice Very Fine/Extremely Fine. Toned. Edge lightly filed, ‘16’ or ‘76’ anciently scratched thereon.

ExA.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on July 2, 1971.

23 Anne. Accession medal, 1702. Unsigned [John Croker], MI.l. Silver. 35.4mm. 232.7 gns. Bust left (Obverse 1); crowned heart within its English branches (Reverse D). Not holed. Very Fine. Toned. Probably once in a bezel mount. Edge rough, seemingly not filed.

Ex Charles H. McSorley on December 31, 1971.

24 Anne. Accession medal, 1702. Unsigned [John Croker]. MI.l. Silver. 35.5mm. 243.1 gns. Bust left (Obverse 1); crowned heart within its English branches (Reverse D). Not holed. Very Fine. Scratched. Edge lightly filed.

Ex A.H. Baldwin <6 Sons, Ltd. on July 2, 1971.

25 Anne. Jeton, n.d. Unsigned. MI. 285 (for type). Brass. 24.2mm. 75.7 gns. Bust left; Anne reveals an ankle to Louis XTV. Very Good. A political token and not an Indian medal.

Ex Spink & Son, Ltd. on June 13, 1967.

13 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE I

With the reign of George I collectors of Indian medals are on much firmer ground. A series of small, silver dollar-sized medals in copper, bronze or brass is known to have been dis- tributed among woodland natives in the middle of the 18th c. These medals bear the likeness of George I facing right on the front and a hunting scene on the reverse that typically shows a male figure drawing his bow at a deer. Medals such as these have been found in controlled as well as exploitative excavations of settlement and grave sites, although prove- nance data on virtually all of those recovered in the 19th and 20th centuries has been lost. The George I medals have been described by Jamieson (op.cit) and Ebenezer Nii Quarcoopme (“The Indian Peace Medal of King George I” in The Medal in America, ed. Alan Stahl, ANS 1988). The 1987 auction of the Taylor Collection featured a significant number of these medals, most of which were in remarkable condition. The fol- lowing short notice from p.56 of the New York State Museum Bulletin 73 entitled “Metallic Ornaments of the New York Indians” gives the earlier flavor of the discussion relating to these medals.

“There is another familiar Indian medal of an earlier date, and about the size of a silver dollar, which has been found in New York.. .when the Erie Canal at Oriskany was enlarged in 1849. Some graves were opened, containing 10 or 12 skele- tons, with ornaments and medals. On one was a head of George I, with the title, George, king of Great Britain, in cap- itals. On the reverse was an Indian behind a tree, with bow and arrow, shooting at a deer.

Besides one of these medals from the lower Mohawk valley, somewhat indefinitely reported, Mr. Conover described one from the Read farm in Seneca, which was taken from the In- dian cemetery there, and from which he deduced its age. He described it as ‘a copper or brass medal of about 1 inch in di- ameter. On one side of this medal was the representation of an Indian with a bow and arrow in the act of shooting at a deer, a tree being between them, and the rays of the rising sun being alongside of the top of the tree. On the reverse was a medallion likeness, and around it and near the edge of the circumference the words, George, King of Great Britain.”

AN EXCEPTIONAL GEORGE I INDIAN MEDAL

Lot No. 26

26 George I Indian Medal, n.d. (ca. 1714-27). Obverse signed TC. Quarcoopome III-F, Jamieson 2 (for types). Brass. 41.1mm. 260.1 gns. Bust right; archer at foot of hill drawing his bow against a stag be- neath a tree atop the hill, sun resplendent above. Original loop, broken open. Fine to Very Fine. Good, rich brassy brown in color. Types a bit worn but fully present, obverse legend completely legible. No rim breaks or cracks. A good looking example that does not appear to have been dug.

Ex George Fuld on February 10, 1962.

27 George I Indian Medal, n.d. (ca. 1714-27). Obverse signed TC. Quar.III-F, Jamieson 2 (for types). Brass. 41.0mm. 291.0 gns. Bust right; archer at foot of hill drawing his bow against a stag beneath a tree atop the hill, sun resplendent above. Loop broken away, edge break there. Fine to Very Fine. Deep brown obverse, lighter reverse color. Some obverse corrosion but type and legend bold. Reverse softer as expected, some pitting there also.

Ex F. C. C. Boyd Estate.

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE I

28 George I Indian Medal, n.d. (ca. 1714-27). Obverse signed TC (but illegible). Quar.III-F, Jamieson 2 (for types). Brass. 39.7mm. 277.0 gns. Bust right; archer at foot of hill drawing his bow against a stag beneath a tree atop the hill, sun resplendent above. Probably never looped. About Good to Good. Flan broken away at bottom edge, bright brassy brown, surfaces quite rough and corroded, types and legend partially visible, lacquered, dug. Possibly cast.

Ex A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd, on June 24, 1965.

Lot No. 29

29 George I Indian Medal, n.d. (ca. 1714-27). Obverse signed TC. Quar.II-C, Jamieson 2 (for types). Brass. 40.2mm. 378.0 gns. Rims 2.1 - 2.2mm thick. Bust right; archer at foot of hill drawing his bow against a small stag beneath a tree atop the hill, sun resplendent above. Loop broken away, edge filed there. Very Fine. Deep brown obverse, lighter reverse color. Minor obverse pitting. Reverse much sharper than expected. Atypically thick and heavy, short ring when struck. Included here as a study piece.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

30 Archer’s token, 1719. Unsigned. White metal. 28.4mm. 100.8 gns. Standing male archer; crude 1719. Very Good. Unknown maker or purpose. Mr. Ford liked to think this might have been an Indian medal of the reign.

Ex New Netherlands Coin Company stock in 1965.

— 15 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE II

Like those of his predecessor, George II’s Indian medals are usually small brass, copper or bronze pieces of types simi- lar to those of the previous reign but on smaller modules. They are also, as a general rule, much harder to find than medals of George I’s reign and there may be as few as 50 known in all collections. Mr. Ford’s collection is quite re- markable for having quite so many, all of which are from the same die pair. The silver George II dynastic medal with ar- morial reverse has been found in the ground in North Amer- ica and may have been an Indian present. At least one

George II and Queen Carolina medal is said to have been found in an 18th c. context in Rochester, New York.

The “star” of the George II Indian medals is, without any doubt, the 1757 Quaker or Duffield medal. A medal sorely in need of a decent, modern study, the Quaker medal has re- cently been shown to have been made as a gift for Native Americans involved in the negotiations leading to and the signing of the Treaty of Easton in 1757-58.

OUTSTANDING GEORGE II MEDAL

Lot No. 31

31 George II Indian Medal, n.d. (ca. 1727-60). Unsigned. Jamieson figure 5, Betts 167. Brass. 24.8mm. 95.3 gns. Bust left, Latin legend (George I’s medal legend was in English); archer in chase across a clearing looses his arrow against a stag who runs beneath a tree. No loop. Extremely Fine and the nicest seen (LaRiviere’s was graded Fine). Good brassy gold color, some original luster re- mains. Fairly sound surfaces, noticeable pit on royal neck. Alan Stahl has cast doubt on these being In- dian medals. The cataloguer suggests the jury is still out on the issue.

Ex Fred Baldwin on June 24, 1965.

32 George II Indian Medal, n.d. (ca. 1727-60). Unsigned. Jamieson figure 5, Betts 167. Brass. 24.4mm. 77.1 gns. Bust left; archer in chase across a clearing looses his arrow against a stag who runs beneath a tree. No loop. Choice Very Fine. Dark brown color. Surfaces rough but types and legend mostly clear.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

33 George II Indian Medal, n.d. (ca. 1727-60). Unsigned. Jamieson figure 5, Betts 167. Brass. 24.4mm. 68.7 gns. Bust left; archer in chase across a clearing looses his arrow against a stag who runs beneath a tree. No loop. Very Fine. Dark color and worn but types and legend bold.

Ex New Netherlands Coin Company 54th Sale (April 22. 1960, lot 615).

— 16 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE II

34 George II Indian Medal, n.d. (ca. 1727-60). Unsigned. Jamieson figure 5, Betts 167. Brass. 24.7mm. 71.2 gns. Bust left; archer in chase across a clearing looses his arrow against a stag who runs beneath a tree. No loop. Choice Very Fine for wear grade. Bright and brassy looking, both sides scratched.

Ex Wayte Raymond Estate.

35 George II Indian Medal, n.d. (ca. 1727-60). Unsigned. Jamieson figure 5, Betts 167. Brass. 24.5mm. 79.4 gns. Bust left; archer in chase across a clearing looses his arrow against a stag who runs beneath a tree. No loop. Fine. Brassy brown, reverse brighter, some surface granularity, types mostly clear, full legend.

Ex A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on June 16, 1967.

36 George II Indian Medal, n.d. (ca. 1727-60). Unsigned. Jamieson figure 5, Betts 167. Brass. 24.3mm. 64.1 gns. Bust left; archer in chase across a clearing looses his arrow against a stag who runs beneath a tree. No loop. Very Good/Fine. Dark brown, some old scratches but types and legend mostly legible.

Ex New Netherlands Coin Company 54th Sale (April 22, 1960, lot 617).

37 George II Indian Medal, n.d. (ca. 1727-60). Unsigned. Jamieson figure 5, Betts 167. Brass. 24.4mm. 51.7 gns. Bust left; archer in chase across a clearing looses his arrow against a stag who runs beneath a tree. No loop, edge broken away there. Sharpness of Extremely Fine. Good brassy brown color, minor surface granularity. A worthwhile piece despite the serious break.

Ex New Netherlands Coin Company 54th Sale (April 22, 1960, lot 616).

— 17 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE II

38 George II Indian Medal, n.d. (ca. 1727-60). Obverse signed IR. Apparently unpublished. Brass. 37.5mm. 234.0 gns. Bust left, GEORGIVS. II. REX.; archer in hunting costume drawing bow from be- hind vine wreathed tree against a stag leaping to the right. Original, integral loop. Very Fine. Nice, rich brassy brown and gold color. Rims broken or irregular in places on both sides. Discoloration/corro- sion spots on front and back. Mr. Ford was unable to attribute this piece but believed it to be an Indian medal of the reign. The cataloguer has done no better but suggests it was an archery and not an Indian medal.

Ex A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on Bastille Day, 1969.

THE TREATY OF EASTON MEDALS

The dies for the medal awarded to Native Ameri- cans engaged in the negotiations leading to and the signing of the Treaty of Easton 1757-8 (so identified for the first time by our friend John Adams) were cut by Edward Duffield for the Society of Friends in Phil- adelphia. The Philadelphia based Friendly As- sociation for Regaining and Preserving Peace with the Indians by Pacific Means commissioned Duffield to prepare dies for award medals in- tended for presentation to Indi- ans then engaged in the discussions that would lead, a year later, to the signing of the treaty at Easton, Pennsylva- nia. Duffield had earlier made the dies for the Kittanning Medal and his choice and the designs commissioned were both a clear counterpoise to the belligerent events of the year previous. When the dies were fin- ished the Friendly Association pre- sumably supplied Mexican 8 Reales coins to serve as planchets for the medals.

Duffield ground the obverse and reverse types off the host coins and struck his medals, leaving the leaved edge device of the Mexican coin behind to

serve as clear evidence for later collectors of an orig- inal issue medal.

After the initial event, Duffield’s dies passed to Friendly Association’s care where they remained for the next 35 to 40 years. During that time it is possible that some other pieces were struck, includ- ing examples in white metal. The Joseph Richardson family and Richardson, Jr., all of whom were Quaker, seem to have retained them for some term of years before sending them to the Mint in the teens of the 19th century. In June, 1813, Richardson wrote to his friend Thomas Wistar saying that he remembered his father striking the Duffield medals, that he had had the dies for many years, and that if Wistar was interested, Richardson would strike impressions from them. The dies that eventually went to the Mint were used to strike im- pressions for as long as they lasted. The obverse die failed early and later collapsed into four sections, at which time it was replaced by a copy. Mint restrikes in silver from early die states are known but lack the leaved edge of the originals.

— 18 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE II

AN OUTSTANDING ORIGINAL TREATY OF EASTON MEDAL The Finest Known to the Cataloguer

Ijot No. 39

39 The Quaker, Duffield, or Treaty of Easton Medal, 1757. Unsigned. Betts 401, Jamieson figure 8, Julian IP. 49, Tancred p.46. Silver. Original, struck over a Spanish American 8 Reales. 43.7mm. 399.2 gns. Bust left of George II; colonist and Indian seated around a council fire passing a peace pipe. Holed for suspension as made. Leaved edge of the undertype. Uncirculated. Reverse scratched around periphery. Surfaces lightly reflective. Lovely, rich steel gray color with iridescent blue and rose highlights. A simply splendid example and to the best of the cataloguer’s knowledge the finest known example of the medal. Extremely rare: the cataloguer has records of only 13 of these including the three offered here.

The census of known survivors currently is: (1-3) American Numismatic Society, plated in Money of Pre-Federal America', (4) Winterthur, counterstamped WG over date; (5) Alan Weinberg ex the April 28, 1995 sale by Samuel J. Cottone Auctions (upstate New York), an exceptional specimen; (6) Richard August; (7-8) New England collection; (9) Ken Rendell ex LaRiviere:2007 (at $52,900), plated in The Western Pursuit-, (10) April, 2006 Freeman’s sale (Philadelphia), a remarkable example (at $90,000 hammer price); (11-13) John J. Ford, Jr. Collection.

Ex William Fox Steinberg, date unrecorded.

40 The Quaker, Duffield, or Treaty of Easton Medal, 1757. Unsigned. B.401, Ja. fig.8, J.IP.49, Tan- cred, p.46. Silver. Original, struck over a Spanish American 8 Reales. 44.0mm. 406.5 gns. Bust left of George II; colonist and Indian seated around a council fire passing a peace pipe. Holed for sus- pension as made. Leaved edge of the undertype. Fine to Very Fine. Good, lighter gray color with some pale golden iridescence around the rims. The surfaces clearly show the piece was once worn as a deco- ration. No deformities or signs of careless handling, this is a solidly collectable example of this impor- tant medal. Extremely rare as noted above, with only 13 different examples recorded by the cataloguer.

Ex New Netherlands Coin Company on August 24, 1967, Charles M. Wormser, Horace Louis Philip Brand, Virgil Brand Collection (B.G. Johnson appraisal no.2951 on May 23, 1935), Dr. Hall Collection.

— 19 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

41 The Quaker, Duffield, or Treaty of Easton Medal, 1757. Unsigned. B.401, Jam. fig.8, J.IP.49, Tancred p.46. Silver. Original, struck over a Spanish American 8 Reales. 43.9mm. 402.3 gns. Bust left of George II; colonist and Indian seated around a council fire passing a peace pipe. Holed for suspension as made. Leaved edge of the undertype. Very Good to Fine. Pale gray with light gold and russet around the rims. Some superficial marks, initials CS scratched onto the center of the reverse. Extremely rare as noted above, with only 13 different examples recorded by the cataloguer.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

42 The Quaker, Duffield, or Treaty of Easton Medal, 1757. Unsigned. B.401, Jam. fig.8, J.IP.49, Tancred p.46. Silver. U.S. Mint restrike from the original dies on a virgin flan with plain edge. 44.1mm. 560.9 gns. Types as usual. Not holed, mount points clear. Uncirculated. Semi-prooflike. Beautifully toned in iridescent blue and gray. Obverse die bulging across from left to right but no other breaks. Rib around edge as seen on copper specimens from much later states. Very rare as a silver strike from a fairly early state of the obverse. This was probably made in the period after 1810 when the dies were in the possesion of the Mint.

Ex Philip H. Ward Collection ( Stack’s , April 30, 1964, lot 518).

43 The Quaker, Duffield, or Treaty of Easton Medal, 1757. Unsigned. B.401, Jam. fig.8, J.IP.49, Tancred p.46. White metal. U.S. Mint restrike from the original dies. 43.4mm. 397.4 gns. 2.9mm thick at the centers. Types as usual. Not holed, mount points clear. About Uncirculated. Pale, somewhat bright silver gray color. From the dies in their perfect states, a strike fairly early in their lives, perhaps to be dated ca. 1810. No rib around edge. Very rare as an early restrike.

Ex New Netherlands Coin Company, Horace Louis Philip Brand, Virgil Brand Collection.

— 20-

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE II

44 The Quaker, Duffield, or Treaty of Easton Medal, 1757. Unsigned. B.401, Jam. fig.8, J.IP.49, Tancred p.46. White metal. U.S. Mint restrike from the original dies. 43.3mm. 396.2 gns. 3.2mm thick at the centers. Types as usual. Not holed, mount points clear but smaller than usual. About Uncircu- lated. Cleaned. Pale bright silver gray color. From the dies in their perfect states, another example of a strike fairly early in the lives of these dies and also perhaps to be dated ca. 1810. No rib around edge. Very rare as an early restrike.

Ex Syracuse Stamp & Coin Company on August 19, 1961.

45 The Quaker, Duffield, or Treaty of Easton Medal, 1757. Unsigned. B.401, Jam. fig.8, J.IP.49, Tancred p.46. Copper, bronzed. U.S. Mint restrike from the original dies. 45.1mm. 965.4 gns. 5.8mm thick at the centers. Types as usual. Not holed, mount points bold. Choice About Uncirculated. Good, even mahogany color. From the usually seen later states of the dies, the obverse broken twice across and the reverse failing from top to bottom. Rib around edge.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

46 The Quaker, Duffield, or Treaty of Easton Medal, 1757. Unsigned. B.401, Jam. fig.8, J.IP.49, Tancred p.46. Copper, bronzed. U.S. Mint restrike from the original dies. 43.3mm. 1,063.1 gns. 7.5mm thick at the centers. Types as usual. Not holed, mount points vestigial. Choice About Uncirculated. Deep brown color. Remarkably late die states even for one of these and a piece that must have occa- sioned some amusement when it was struck. Obverse breaks advanced and center now flattening cross- wise. Reverse transverse break has seperated the die into two uneven planes. This belongs in a really advanced cabinet.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

— 21 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE III

The medals presented by the British to Native Americans during the long and bellicose reign of George III are the best attested in contemporary sources and the most familiar to modern collectors. They have been studied by some of the greats in numismatics of the last two centuries, from McLachlan to Morin to Jamieson, each of whom in one de- gree or another based his conclusions on typology and his-

tory. The most recent study of this monarch’s “Indian Peace Medals” by John W. Adams, published at the turn of the 21st century, is solidly based upon documentary sources and ob- servations from a substantial portion of the corpus of surviv- ing medals. It may be considered as this generation’s explanation of the practice of presenting medals to native al- lies of British forces in the field.

THE MONTREAL MEDAL OF 1760 Named to Songose of the Mohicans One of Seven Documented Survivors The Only Traced Specimen Available to Collectors

■

Lot No. 47

47 Montreal Medal, n.d. [1760]. Obverse signed DCF (Daniel Christian Fueter, New York City silver- smith 1754-ca. 1775). Adams 1, Fuld-Tayman Ml (“The Montreal and Happy While United Medals” in 1987 Coinage of the Americas Conference proceedings), Jamieson figure 9, Betts 431 (for type). Silver. Cast and chased as made. 44.9mm. 343.5 gns. Skyline view of the City of Montreal from the American side of the St. Lawrence River, five steeples showing, large flag at right, MONTREAL above and en- graver’s stamp, below; reverse deeply engraved MOHICRANS in the center, more lightly in cursive at the top SONGOSE (this partially effaced), other script lettering nearer the bottom edge now essen- tially illegible. Original hanger at top. Plain edge. Fine. Medium silver gray on the front, lighter on the back. Obverse mostly free from the attentions of the improvers, back cleaned, scratched, damaged. Ex- tremely rare.

Almost all of the 182 medals known to have been ordered made in 1760 have disappeared over the past two hundred and more years. The present specimen is one of just 7 different Montreal Medals doc- umented by Jamieson and Adams of which only four can be traced today (Adams 4 and 7 are the same medal). The whereabouts of three, the medals named to Caneiya of the Onondaga, Aruntes of the Mohawk, and Madoghk of the Mohicans are unknown (the first was last documented in 1903, the other two in 1926 and 1925, respectively). The medal named to Tekahonwaghse of the Onondaga is in the collection of the Chateau Ramezay, the one named to Koskhahho is in the Glenbow Museum, and the one named to Tantalkel of the Mohicans is in the Public Archives of Canada. Mr. Ford’s medal, named to Songose of the Mohicans, is the only one known to be owned privately and so is the only one con- firmed available to collectors.

The Montreal Medal was conceived as a reward for the loyalty of the 182 Native Americans who re- mained with Sir William Johnson and the British army to the end of the Montreal campaign in 1760. Major General Jeffrey Amherst ordered the medals made to serve as a “badge of Distinction” and a laisser passez into and from British army bases. Medals were distributed by Johnson in the late Spring and Summer, 1761. Details can be read in Johnson’s collected papers (volume 10, p. 254). The medal’s design and execution have been criticized as inept and miserly but it should be remembered it was meant to be a durable free pass through the lines and not an ornament for display. This particular medal was described by Beauchamp in 1903. His account will be found below.

Ex a Mr. Kelly in 1875, Joseph Wescot, E. Hollenbeck in 1902 ; C.A. Laframboise, Robert Brule on June 8, 1961.

— 22 —

THE MONTREAL MEDAL OF 17B0

The Montreal Medal has been described and argued over for decades, particularly by McLachlan and Beauchamp. Victor Morin’s description, written early in the preceding century, is a pleasant snapshot of the state of understanding of his time.

“The conferment of the following medal has not yet been clearly explained; it is designated by McLachlan under the name of ‘Medal of the Conquest’ in his work ‘Medals awarded to the Canadian Indians’, and he puts forth the opinion that it was distributed by Sir William Johnson, Major General and Superintendent of Affairs of the Six Nations, to the heads of the Indian troops whom he had led to the attack of Montreal under Amherst in 1760.

The design of this medal differs completely from the conventional types followed until this time, for the obverse represents a fortified town, situated on a river- bank, and has at the top the in- scription ‘MONTREAL’, while in a depressed ellipse at the bottom is the exergue ‘D.C.F.’. The reverse is smooth, but on the speci- mens which have been found up to the present time, an unskillful hand has engraved as the leg- end the name of the Chief to whom the medal was awarded, and the name of his tribe as the inscription.

This medal, which is in sil- ver, seems to have been cast and chased; it has a loop, and its diameter is 45 millimetres.

At first the representation of Montreal which it shows seems fan- tastic, but if one compares it with the views of the town which were published at this time, particularly those of the ‘London Magazine’ and the ‘Royal Magazine’ of 1760, and that of Patten published by Jeffreys in 1762, one can easily recognize the same source of inspiration; the engraver depicts, as well as one can do in the limited space of a medal, the River St. Lawrence, the fortified wall, the fort on which flies the British flag, the Jesuit church, the Congrega- tional chapel, the Parish church of Notre-Dame, the Hospital, the Franciscans church, and a sixth steeple, placed, however, too far back, is supposed to represent the General Hospital. It is wrongly claimed that the Bonsecours chapel was among the steeples thus named, for it had been destroyed in the fire of 1754, and it was not until 1772 that it was rebuilt.

The designer of this medal, who took the trouble of making himself conspicuous by monopolizing the exer- gue for his signature ‘D.C.F.’ remained, however, un- known by the principal numismatists for a long time; the novelty of the design led McLachlan to conclude, in the articles which he wrote about this medal up to

1908, that it had been made in America by an un- known engraver of New York, while Betts contented himself with quoting this opinion and observing that the initials ‘D.C.’ might well be the initials of this en- graver, and the letter ‘F’ simply stands for the word ‘fecit’. But McLachlan’s opinion has since been con- firmed, such as he asserted in a communication to ‘The American Journal of Numismatics’ in 1909, and one can get a clear idea of it on consulting Chaffers work ‘Gilda Aurifabrorum’ or that of Howard ‘Old London Silver’; this mysterious unknown man was a silver- smith named D.C. Fueter, (whom Howard, by a typo- graphical error, misnamed Fuetes) of Chelsea, who had registered his mark (the initials D.C.F. in an oval) at the Guild of Silversmiths in London in 1753.

One can see in Forrer’s ‘Dictionary of Medallists’ that Fueter actually emi- grated to New York in 1754 and that he went later to Bethlehem, in Pennsylvania, then returned to Switzerland in 1769. These bi- ographical details also dispel Beauchamp’s opinion, which ascribes this medal to the period of the Amer- ican revolution.

Twenty-three of these medals appear to have been distributed by Sir William Johnson; of this number, six are known up to the present time, they bear the names of the Chiefs Caneiya and Teka- honwaghse of the tribe of the Onondagos, Aruntes of the Mo- hawks, Tantalkel, Songase and Madoghk of the tribe of the Mohi- grans or Mohicans. The medal of Tekahonwaghse belongs to R.W. McLach- lan of Montreal, and it has the following note engraved at the base of the reverse: ‘Taken from an In- dian Cheif (sic) in the American War 1761’; if it be- longed to a Chief killed in 1761, the theory that it was awarded in 1760 would therefore be plausible. Mr. W.H. Hunter of Toronto purchased the medal of Madoghk, and that of Tantalkel is in the Parliament library at Ot- tawa. George III came to the throne of England on the 25th October 1760; the capitulation of Montreal had just been signed and the flag of the Bourbons had been replaced by the banner of St. George from the shores of the Atlantic to the sources of the Great Lakes. But peace not yet being settled, England, who was anxious to keep her conquests in America, wished to win the friendship of the various Indian tribes by rewarding the warriors who had fought under her flag and by making treaties of friendship with the others.”

Some accounts of the discoveries of some specimens of the Montreal Medal may be read in the pages (61-3) of the New York State Museum Bulletin 73 (“Metallic Ornaments of the New York Indians”):

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“Mr. J. V. H. Clark described one several times ex- amined by the writer. ‘A silver medal was found near Eagle village, about the size of a dollar, but a little thinner, with a ring or loop at one edge, to admit a cord by which it might be suspended. On one side ap- pears in relief, a somewhat rude representation of a fortified town, with several tall steeples rising above its buildings, and a citadel from which the British flag is flying; a river broken by an island or two, occupies the foreground, and above, along the upper edge of the medal, is the name Montreal. The initials, D. C. F., probably of the manufacturer, are stamped below. On the other side, which was originally made blank, are engraved the words CANECYA, Onondagoes. There is no date on this or any other of the medals. But this must be at least older than the Revolution.’

This should be Caneiya in script and Onondagos in capitals. Fig. 281 shows this medal as drawn by the writer at Mr. L.W. Ledyard’s, Cazenovia N. Y. in 1882. It was in his possession for many years. If of revolu- tionary date, as the writer thinks probable, the Caneiya of the medal might correspond with the Onondaga chief Kaneyaagh, of the treaty of 1788. Mr. McLachlan kindly furnished figures of some medals. Fig. 282 shows one of these, and his description fol- lows: Obverse, Montreal; in the exergue, DCF stamped in a sunk oval. A view of a walled town with a body of water in the foreground, into which a small stream flows. There are five church spires ranged along the middle of the town, and a flag displaying St. George’s cross to the right. Reverse. Plain; Onondagos is en- graved in capitals across the field, and the name Teka- honwaghse in script at the top. Some one has, at a later time, scratched across the lower part with a sharp pointed instrument, in three lines, / Taken from an In- dian / chief in the AMERICAN / WAR, 1761./

Mr. Betts also illustrated and described this medal.

In the addition [to Betts] there is an evident error for there was no war in that year, but, if it were 1781, it would correspond with the American war, as the Eng- lish termed that of the Revolution. Allowing this date, Tekahonwaghse, an Onondaga chief who signed the treaty of 1788, or Tagonaghquaghse, appointed chief warrior of that nation in 1770, and perhaps the chief of 1788. Mr. McLachlan had this medal from the Bushnell collection. He added, ‘I know of another in the collection of James Ollier of New York. I am under the impression that it is also in silver, and that it bears the name Onondagos.’ No account could be obtained of this.

[Fig. 283] is a similar silver medal, bought by Mr. McLachlan in London. On the reverse this has Mo- hawks in the field, and Aruntes above. It is in extra fine condition. This name does not appear among the many on record in the French war, nor is there any re- sembling it, but ‘The Answer of Thayendanegea a Sachem, and of Ohrante a warrior of the Mohocks to the Right Honble Lord George Germaine’, London, May 7, 1776, is preserved in full.

Those familiar with the great variations in spelling Indian names, and the rank of this person, will have

little doubt that Ohrante and Aruntes are the same. It is a curious coincidence that this well preserved medal was obtained in London, where Ohrante spent some months. In another place the Mohawk warrior is called Oteroughyanento, Indians often having two names. In the writer’s exhaustive list of Iroquois personal names this nowhere else appears, but it is an unexpected grat- ification to link the three Iroquois names obtained on these medals with well known persons of the revolu- tionary period.

Concerning these two Mohawks, Guy Johnson wrote in London. Jan. 26, 1776: ‘The Indian Chief who ac- companied me, with his companion, are persons of character and influence in their country; they can more at large speak on any matters that may be re- quired of them.’

[Fig. 284] is another medal of which Mr. McLachlan says ‘It is in the government collection at Ottawa, and came from the collection of Mr. I.F. Wood of New York. This is in pewter, and has Mohicrans in the field, either misspelled in the copy or the original. Above is Tanta- lkel. Judging from the medal given to Tantalkel of the Mohicans, we infer that his services could not have been valued so highly as those of the Onondaga warrior, for his reward is in the baser metal. How one of that tribe came to receive a medal is explained when we learn that 70 River Indians accompanied Johnson to Montreal.’

Another Mohican fared better. The Albany Argus, Sep. 27, 1875, described a silver medal found by Mr. Kelly of Ballston Spa N. Y. The obverse was as usual. On the reverse, as reported, was Mohicans in capitals, and Son Gose in script. Mr. Joseph E. Wescot pur- chased it of the finder, and sold it in 1902 to Mr. E. Hallenbeck, 749 Liberty st., Schenectady. Through the kindness of the latter, the writer is not only able to give an accurate figure, but to settle the spelling of a word in doubt. It is Mohigrans, the engraver having mistaken in his orders G for C, and R for K. It was easy to do this. The Indian’s name is also Songose. This medal was found on the Kelly place, near the bank of the Mourning kill and the old Canadian trail. It is somewhat worn, but in good condition. It is remark- able that so many have the name of this nation.

In the work of C. Wyllys Betts, already mentioned, he speaks of another Mohican silver medal, on the reverse of which was Madoghk, with the nation’s name engraved in the usual way. He also takes note of the doubtful spelling, now cleared up by the writer’s examination of the Hallenbeck medal. The error was made in all.

The Mohicans became so closely linked with the Mo- hawks as to share their fortunes and that of the John- son family. Some of them are mentioned in the raids in the Mohawk valley. The medals can hardly be referred to Burgoyne’s luckless campaign, for each was engraved for a particular person, nor were the Onondagas yet in the field. None known bear the Oneida name, a signifi- cant fact, for they were on the American side. Nor were they among Butler’s presents in the winter of 1777-78, who gave ‘in particular 300 of Burgoyne’s silver medals to their young warriors.’ They are not all of silver.”

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THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE III

48 Montreal Medal, n.d. [1760]. Obverse signed DCF (Daniel Christian Fueter, New York City silver- smith 1754 - ca.1775). A.l, F-T.M1, B.433 (for type). Pewter casting, chased. 45.1mm. 345.8 gns. Sky- line view of the City of Montreal, MONTREAL above and engraver’s stamp, below; Tankalkel engraved at top above MOHICKANS in the center. Looped as cast. Essentially as made. Dark in color. This is a well made casting from the pewter original, ex Robert McLachlan’s collection, that is now in the Public Archives of Canada.

Ex Richard Kenney, date unrecorded.

49 Happy While United, 1764. Obverse signed DCF (Daniel Christian Fueter) and stamped N YORK. Types of Adams 2, Tayman & Fuld HWU4, Betts 510. An electrotype copy in uncertain metal probably from the British Museum specimen. 56.5mm. 863.6 gns. Bust right of George III; settler and Indian sit- ting on a bench beneath a tree and sharing a pipe. Wing and pipe suspension device. Very Fine. One of four identical pieces said to have been from an “old estate” and sold in Jeffrey Hoare’s Sale 56 (June 26, 1997), this being lot 1506. Mr. Ford purchased this as a study piece and it is so presented here.

Provenenace as noted.

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THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE III

THE [1777] LION AND WOLF MEDALS

Adams argues persuasively for dating the Lion and Wolf medals to December, 1777 and for their author to have been Gentleman Johnny Burgoyne, the occasion being the Fort Niagra campaign and the defense of Canada. For a medal with such a particular initial purpose the Lion and Wolf medal is remarkably complex in terms of its numismatics. There are two obverse dies known although all but one medal were struck from the first obverse. That die was in service from 1777 to 1801 at least, when it was paired with the standard royal armorial reverse. In contrast, there are two different reverses known on the Lion and Wolf medal and each of them developed breaks during its life. The first reverse, Adams’ A, is known perfect and broken whereas his reverse B is always found broken at least once and some- times twice.

Most Lion and Wolf medals known were struck on solid,

thin silver planchets with rims added afterwards. A few, Adams notes just three, were made of struck silver obverse and reverse plates that were joined together and banded. A handful appear to have been struck entire, with their rims of a piece with the planchets and set up during striking. The di- versity evidenced in the medal’s morphology suggests it was made in various locations at different times by whatever means were then to hand as supplies of new medals were de- manded. The Lion and Wolf medal is very rare. Adams’ cen- sus of known specimens, covering both private as well as public institutional collections, lists only 19 different exam- ples known to survive. Of that number, four are in the Amer- ican Numismatic Society’s collection and six others are in various Canadian and American institutional holdings. Only nine medals are owned by private collectors, two of which are in the Ford Collection.

MAGNIFICENT LION AND WOLF MEDAL

From the First Reverse

A

Lot No. 50

50 The Lion and Wolf. Undated [ 1777]. Adams 10.1; census specimen 18. Choice Extremely Fine/About Uncirculated. Silver. Solid. Probably single piece construction. 61.3mm. 833.8 gns. Un- signed dies. Armored bust right of George III; a lion watchfully attentive to a threatening wolf, church building and two houses in the background. Original loop with pyramidal finial. Trivial edge flaws as made. A magnificent piece with lovely, deep coin silver gray toning and some faint blue and rose iri- descence. Perfect reverse state. Very rare. Adams lists only 19 different specimens of this medal and the cataloguer notes that his 17 was misreported by Mr. Ford and does not exist.

Ex an unidentifed Wallis & Wallis (Lewes) sale via A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on June 23, 1969.

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THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE III

A SECOND RARE LION AND WOLF MEDAL From the Second Reverse

51 The Lion and Wolf. Undated [1777]. Adams 10.2; census specimen 19. Very Fine. Silver. Solid. Probably single piece construction. 61.2mm. 1,105.6 gns. Unsigned dies. Armored bust right of George III; a lion watchfully attentive to a threatening wolf, church building and two houses in the background. Original loop with pyramidal finial as on the preceding (but different from that pictured in Jamieson). A second example of this very rare medal. From the second reverse, the differences minute and of little importance. Quite a sharp reverse impression. Harshly cleaned, beginning to retone naturally around the rims. Both reverse die breaks clear.

Ex Estes Gale Hawkes on November 5, 1975.

52 George III and Queen Charlotte, n.d. [1761]. Unsigned. Adams 11.1 (obverse 1, reverse A), Jamieson figure 10. Silver. 39.0mm. 289.9 gns. Facing busts of the king and queen, drapery above; royal arms and supporters. Not looped. Not holed. Choice Uncirculated. Prooflike. Nicely toned in deep gray with iridescent blue and rose toning. Sharp strike. Some rim filing. Very rare: of the 19 specimens in Adams’ modern census fully 9 are in public institutional collections. Adams listed this as an Indian medal on the strength of a shared reverse (his Adams 9.1) with the small size standard George III medal and a somewhat obscure invoice for medals from August, 1777. Adams conjectured that the early breakage of the obverse of the smallest George III medal led to the obverse of the George and Charlotte medal being pressed into substitute use as an Indian medal. Alan Stahl classed it as a marriage medal whose evidence for Indian usage was inconclusive. Several generations of Canadian scholar-collectors preferred to list it as an Indian medal as did the late Mr. Ford.

Ex Fred Baldwin on August 2, 1 969.

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THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

THE STANDARD UNDATED INDIAN MEDALS OF GEORGE III

These are the medals Adams calls the “standard” undated George III type. These medals, known in solid and shell form and in three different sizes, were the ones most frequently presented to Native Americans and First Peoples. In one form or another this was the type of medal presented by British forces in the field during the 1776-83 and 1812-14 wars with the Americans and the generally peaceful inter- lude between them. The largest size medal, the 76-77 mil- limeter diameter piece, was the one more often than not given to native recipients. It is certainly the one, today, that collectors most frequently find offered in notable auction sales. The number made during the nearly 40 years it was ac- tively in use as a mark of distinction is unknown. Adams sug- gests a combined figure for all three sizes of 2,000 to 3,125, a range whose breadth must encompass all the requirements that go into an educated guess.

Given the relative rarity of the three sizes it as close to cer- tain as one can get in such matters to venture that most made to begin with were of the largest size. The medium, 60 millimeter size is quite rare and Adams lists only 16 of these known today. The smallest, 38 millimeter size medal (which shares its reverse with the George III and Queen Charlotte medal) is of the highest rarity with only two or three known, one of which is in the Glenbow Museum and the finest in Mr. Ford’s collection.

The undated George III medals were made in one of three ways. The earliest made seem to have been those struck as obverse and reverse shells, joined together and then rimmed. The same method was used for Lion and Wolf medals with which these are contemporary. It also served as the prototype for the earliest Indian medals made and issued by the fledg-

ling United States of America, the Washingtons and Jeffer- sons. Others were struck on solid planchets to which were added rims in a seperate operation. These are rarer. The third method, struck with rims set up in the striking process, are the rarest of them all. Needless to say, it is difficult to distinguish the second and third kinds from each other. Their timbre when struck does not help much.

The literature on this type is quite full but of all previous studies on the subject only Jamieson’s continues to be cited in auction catalogue descriptions. Like the rest of his work on Indian medals, however, Jamieson’s treatment of the un- dated George III medals was confused and so very difficult to use. To his added credit, Adams’ discussion of the large size George III undated medal renders Jamieson both fi- nally understandable and at the same time obsolete. Adams helpfully finds just three different obverses that can be dis- tinguished by a single or double roll of curls over the royal ear and further in the case of the former by the six or seven rivets in the regal armoring. He also notices two reverses, differing in the placement of the lion supporter’s paw. Judg- ing from the die breaks on the medal, its emission sequence appears to be the double roll of curls obverse married to the First reverse, that obverse breaks, it is replaced by the sin- gle roll of curls/six armor rivets obverse still married to the same first reverse.

At some time, the single roll of curls/seven armor rivets ob- verse is married to a second reverse and further medals are struck off. Dating these three emissions is tricky, but it is likely that the first was the earliest since the second and third made medals into the 1812-14 period by which time the first had already been retired.

AN EXTRAORDINARY SMALL SIZE GEORGE III MEDAL The Sole Specimen in Private Hands

53 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Smallest size. Adams 9.1; census specimen 2. Good Very Fine. Silver. Solid. Single piece construction. 37.9mm. 308.4 gns. Unsigned dies. Ar- mored bust right of George III (Obverse 1); royal Arms without Hannoverian charge (Reverse A). Orig- inal, ornamental loop. Good, even rich silver gray in color on both sides. No sign of obverse die failure or breakage. Some scattered handling marks, none serious. From the same dies as the piece in the Glenbow Museum. Extremely rare: there are only two examples traced today, this and the Glenbow medal. The Chateau Ramezay museum had one in 1966 but it is untraced today. Pierre Breton illus- trated a specimen without a hanger that could have been the Chateau Ramezay’s or a different medal. Mr. Ford’s example is the sole specimen known to the cataloguer that is owned privately and appears to be the only one available to collectors. From the same reverse die as seen on the George III and Charlotte marriage medal offered earlier.

Ex Melvin E. Came on December 5, 1962.

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THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE III

54 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Middle size. First reverse. Adams 8.1; census specimen 15. Choice Extremely Fine to About Uncirculated. Silver. Solid. Single piece con- struction. 60.6mm. 893.9 gns. Unsigned dies. Armored bust right of George III (Obverse 1); royal Arms without Hannoverian charge (Reverse A). Original, ornamental loop. A lovely example. Good, even silver gray color on both sides. Scratches, some obvious. Usual reverse die break from lion to unicorn across the lower part of the arms. Quite rare: Adams lists only 16 of this size.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

55 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Middle size. First reverse. Adams 8.1; census specimen 14. Choice Very Fine. Silver. Solid. Single piece construction. 60.4mm. 873.0 gns. Un- signed dies. Armored bust right of George III (Obverse 1); royal Arms without Hannoverian charge (Reverse A). Replacement loop. Deep and fairly even silver gray on both sides. Scraped near the mount. Usual reverse die break from lion to unicorn across the lower part of the Arms. Quite rare: Adams lists only 16 of this size.

Ex Fred Baldwin on August 2, 1969.

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THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE III

LOVELY SECOND REVERSE GEORGE III SOLID MEDAL

The Middle Size

56 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Middle size. Second reverse. Adams 8.2; census specimen 12. Extremely Fine. Silver. Solid. Single piece construction. 60.5mm. 723.7 gns. Un- signed dies. Armored bust right of George III (Obverse 1); royal Arms with Hannoverian charge (Re- verse B). Original, ornamental loop. Pale silver and gold on the front, deeper gray and iridescent blue on the reverse. Loop crushed. Some damage to the rim at 1:00 repaired anciently. Some scratches. Lac- quered. Quite rare: Adams lists only 16 of this size. Misidentified by Mr. Ford as a first reverse speci- men and so listed in the Adams census.

Ex Stack’s ca. 1970.

57 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Middle size. Second reverse. Adams 8.2; census specimen 16. Very Fine. Silver. Solid. Single piece construction. 60.8mm. 753.9 gns. Unsigned dies. Armored bust right of George III (Obverse 1); royal Arms with Hannoverian charge (Reverse B). Origi- nal, ornamental loop. Pale to medium gray with some light gold iridescence. Loop crushed. Deeply dented at upper right on the front. Edge damaged in several places. Reverse decorated with sunburst rays. Quite rare: Adams lists only 16 of this size.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

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THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE III

58 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Middle size. Second reverse. Adams 8.2; census specimen 13. Poor. Pewter. Solid. Single piece cast construction. 59.8mm. 661.9 gns. Unsigned dies. Armored bust right of George III (Obverse 1); royal Arms with Hannoverian charge (Reverse B). No loop. Holed twice. Damaged. “AD 1801” scratched below bust on obverse (clearly, the date of the re- verse armorial type change). Not a real Indian medal but included in Mr. Ford’s holdings as an older study piece with a decent provenance and listed here in deference.

Ex Virgil Brand Collection via Horace Louis Philip Brand, New Netherlands Coin Company on November 20, 1961.

LOVELY FIRST OBVERSE GEORGE III SOLID MEDAL

59 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Largest size. First obverse. Adams 7.1; census specimen 65. Extremely Fine. Silver. Solid. Single piece construction. 79.1mm. 1,872.1 gns. Un- signed dies. Armored bust right of George III, double row of curls, seven rivets (Obverse 1); royal Arms, paw to N (Reverse A). Ornamental loop of the type seen on the Lion and Wolf medals offered earlier and the solid Adams 7.1 to follow, unlike that seen on the shell Adams 71. or the 7.2 and 7.3 medals in this collection. Fairly even medium gray color with some iridescence. Light scratches. Heavy rim bruise at base of reverse. Perfect obverse state. Triple struck. This size was a work horse medal for the British judging by the 86 specimens in Adams’ list.

Ex Virgil Brand Collection via Erna B. Zeddies on March 11, 1969.

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THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE III

60 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Largest size. First obverse. Adams 7.1; census specimen number uncertain. Choice Very Fine. Silver. Solid. Two-piece construction, body plate and encircling rim. 79.1mm. 1,462.0 gns. Unsigned dies. Armored bust right of George III double row of curls, seven rivets (Obverse 1); royal Arms, paw to N (Reverse A). Ornamental loop (probably reposi- tioned) of the type seen on the Lion and Wolf and solid Adams 7.1 George III medals offered earlier, unlike that seen on the shell Adams 7.1 and the 7.2 or 7.3 medals to come.

Light silver gray, once cleaned. Scratched severely in the right reverse field, lightly elsewhere. The flan appears bent at 7-8:00 on the obverse but this is probably a manufacturing defect more than mis- handling. Clear evidence on both sides of bevelling around the outside of the struck plate, to allow for inletting into the encircling rim. This method of manufacture seems not to have been the norm. Per- fect obverse state. Triple struck. Mr. Ford did not supply Mr. Adams with enough particulars on all the medals he said he owned to allow for certain identification of each one in Mr. Adams’ listings.

Ex Robert Brule (Montreal) on June 8, 1961, said ex C.A. Laframboise.

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THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE III

61 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Largest size. First obverse. Adams 7.1; probably census specimen 61. Extremely Fine. Silver. Shells. 76.9mm. 819.3 gns. Unsigned dies. Armored bust right of George III double row of curls, seven rivets (Obverse 1); royal Arms, paw to N (Reverse A). Usual ornamental loop. Rich and lovely silver gray color. Some unevenness in the flan as expected from a medal of this construction (much like that seen on the American Jefferson medals later in this auction). Obverse plate free from enclircling rim from 1:00 to 6:00. Cleaned as all these seem to have been at one time. Perfect obverse state. Adams’ research suggests that fewer than half of the largest undated George III medals were made as shells.

Ex Robert Brule (Montreal) on June 8, 1961, said ex C.A. Laframboise.

(Jr 1$ (S' 5$

GEORGE III

62 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Largest size. First obverse. Adams 7.1; census specimen 80. Choice Very Fine. Silver. Shells. 76.6mm. 594.8 gns. Unsigned dies. Armored bust right of George III double row of curls, seven rivets (Obverse 1); royal Arms, paw to N (Reverse A). Re- placement loop. Light to medium silver gray with some gold color. Thinner and more even in appear- ance than the preceding. Two obvious small dents, light scratches elsewhere. Indecipherable grafitti at top and bottom of the reverse. India inked around top of reverse “Given to Indian Chiefs for Assistance///]”. Perfect obverse state. Triple or quadruple struck imparting good sharpness.

Ex Stack ’s on October 14, 1965 in exchange for lot 3745 from Cohen-Kreisberg’s June 28, 1965 sale.

63 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Largest size. Second obverse. Adams 7.2; proba- bly census specimen 74. Extremely Fine. Silver. Solid. Single piece construction. 78.3mm. 1,379.0 gns. Unsigned dies. Armored bust right of George III, single row of curls, seven rivets (Obverse 2); royal Arms, paw to N (Reverse A). Original, ornamental loop. Deep silver gray color. Scratched on both sides, some heavy. Broken obverse state.

Ex Ottawa Coin on December 14, 1963.

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THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE III

64 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Largest size. Second obverse. Adams 7.2; census specimen 59. Very Fine. Silver. Solid. Probably single piece construction. 78.4mm. 1,368.2 gns. Un- signed dies. Armored bust right of George III, single row of curls, seven rivets (Obverse 2); royal Arms, paw to N (Reverse A). Plain, replacement loop, probably contemporary or nearly so. Deep gray color. Surfaces quite rough in places, roughened elsewhere. Chased in places. Flan slightly twisted. Broken obverse state. Not holed as described under Adams 7.2 census specimen 59.

Ex Ralph -J. Lathrop on March 28, 1959, from a Frank Katen sale in 1950.

65 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Largest size. Second obverse. Adams 7.2; census specimen 75. Very Good. Silver. Solid. Single piece construction. 77.9mm. 1,279.9 gns. Unsigned dies. Armored bust right of George III, single row of curls, seven rivets (Obverse 2); royal Arms, paw to N (Reverse A). No loop, hole anciently enlarged nearly through the rim. Medium gray color with some iridescence. Surfaces rough in places. Scratched both sides but otherwise a clean and not bad looking, clearly once awarded, medal. Broken obverse state.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

35 —

GEORGE III

66 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Largest size. Second obverse. Adams 7.2; not in- cluded in the census. About Very Fine. Pewter. Solid. Single piece cast construction. 78.2mm. 1,158.0 gns. Unsigned dies. Armored bust right of George III, single row of curls, seven rivets (Obverse 2); royal Arms, paw to N (Reverse A). No loop. Not holed. Some damage. Not a real Indian medal but included in Mr. Ford’s holdings as a study piece. Presumably not communicated to Mr. Adams for his census. Listed here in deference.

Ex lot 493 of Glendining’s sale of September 23, 1970, purchased by A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd.; said ex Ken Walden.

UNUSUALLY NICE THIRD OBVERSE GEORGE III SOLID MEDAL

The Largest Size

Lot No. 67

67 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Largest size. Third obverse. Adams 7.3; census specimen 63. Choice Extremely Fine. Silver. Solid. Single piece construction. 76.3mm. 1,434.6 gns. Unsigned dies. Armored bust right of George III, single row of curls, eight rivets (Obverse 3); royal Arms, paw to I (Reverse B). Original, ornamental loop. Even, rich silver gray with blue iridescence. Unusually nice and of exceptional quality. A small edge dig at 3:00 bothered Mr. Ford but not the cata- loguer. Obverse die broken from shoulder through cravat to jawline.

Ex Fred Baldwin's list of June 24, 1965, item 35.

— 36 —

GEORGE III

68 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Largest size. Third obverse. Adams 7.3; probably census specimen 77. Choice Very Fine to Extremely Fine. Silver. Solid. Single piece construction. 76.8mm. 1,587.6 gns. Unsigned dies. Armored bust right of George III, single row of curls, eight rivets (Obverse 3); royal Arms, paw to I (Reverse B). Original, ornamental loop. Even, deep silver gray with blue iridescence. Exceptionally nice looking. Minor rim marks, edge broken at mount point as made. Un- usually nice and of exceptional quality. Obverse die broken from shoulder through cravat to jawline.

Ex Fred Baldwin on August 2, 1969.

69 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Largest size. Third obverse. Adams 7.3; probably census specimen 76. Choice Very Fine. Silver. Solid. Single piece construction. 76.4mm. 1,394.3 gns. Unsigned dies. Armored bust right of George III, single row of curls, eight rivets (Obverse 3); royal Arms, paw to I (Reverse B). Original, ornamental loop a bit squashed. Medium silver gray color. Mod- erate handling. A thoroughly representative example of the type. Obverse die clearly broken on shoul- der and on cravat but seemingly disconnected between, a bit earlier than ordinarily seen on Adams 7.3.

Ex Wayte Raymond Estate.

— 37 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE III

70 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Largest size. Third obverse. Adams 7.3; probably census specimen 83. Choice Very Fine. Silver. Solid. Single piece construction. 76.5mm. 1,900.5 gns. Unsigned dies. Armored bust right of George III, single row of curls, eight rivets (Obverse 3); royal Arms, paw to I (Reverse B). Original, ornamental loop. Medium silver gray. Cleaned, tooled and chased extensively, accession number incompletely effaced from base of reverse. Lacquered. Unusual scratch across top of obverse. Obverse die broken from shoulder through cravat to jawline.

Ex Estes Gale Hawkes on November 5, 1975.

71 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Largest size. Third obverse. Adams 7.3; probably census specimen 73. Fine to Very Fine. Silver. Solid. Single piece construction. 77.0mm. 1,405.9 gns. Unsigned dies. Armored bust right of George III, single row of curls, eight rivets (Obverse 3); royal Arms, paw to I (Reverse B). Replacement loop. Silver gray and iridescent blue. Crudely tooled around neck and jawline. XXXXX neatly scratched on obverse rim at 2:00. Seemingly perfect obverse die state.

Ex Philip H. Ward, Jr. Collection (Stack's, April 30, 1964, lot 519).

— 38 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE III

72 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Largest size. Third obverse. Adams 7.3; uncertain census specimen number. Very Good to Fine. Silver. Solid. Single piece construction. 76.9mm. 1,436.7 gns. Unsigned dies. Armored bust right of George III, single row of curls, eight rivets (Obverse 3); royal Arms, paw to I (Reverse B). No loop. Single hole. Deep silver gray. Slightly bent and mishan- dled. Seemingly perfect obverse die state.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

73 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Largest size. Third obverse. Adams 7.3; census specimen 64 and 84. Very Good. Silver. Solid. Two piece construction, body plate and encircling rim. 76.2mm. 1,223.8 gns. Unsigned dies. Armored bust right of George III, single row of curls, eight rivets (Obverse 3); royal Arms, paw to I (Reverse B). No loop. Two holes. Medium silver gray. Loop an- ciently torn away, original hole pierces through edge. Rim broken away from 2:00-4:00. Seemingly per- fect obverse die state. Adams specimens 64 and 84 are the same medal.

Ex Ralph Goldstone on August 21, 1968.

— 39 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE III

Lot No. 74

74 George III Indian Peace Medal. Undated. Largest size. Third obverse. Adams 7.3; census specimen 78. Very Fine. Pewter. Solid. Single piece cast construction. 76.8mm. 1,255.1 gns. Unsigned dies. Armored bust right of George III, single row of curls, eight rivets (Obverse 3); royal Arms, paw to I (Reverse B). Severely cracked obverse die, die crack partially tooled away. No loop. Single tiny hole. Dark gray. Slightly bent. ‘250’ in pencil or ink at upper obverse. Not a real Indian medal but included in Mr. Ford’s holdings as a “contemporary or early casting.” Listed here in deference.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

THE 1794 SIMCOE MEDALS

In 1793 John Simcoe, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, ordered medals struck with quite peculiar devices. None has ever been seen. In their absence, Melville Jamieson suggested that the small medals of George III dated 1794 were the medals actually shipped to Simcoe, and the attribu- tion has stuck since. It is not without its detractors, however, Laurence Brown and Alan Stahl among them. Adams takes a

middle stand, suggesting that as some sort of small medal was certainly distributed to native Americans that was re- jected by its recipients it would be reasonable to accept the “Simcoe” medal as the type referenced. Adams concludes by writing “All in all, the ‘Simcoe’ medal has a respectable North American tradition.” The cataloguer is sure Mr. Ford agreed with that assessment.

75 George III or Simcoe Indian Peace Medal. 1794. Adams p. 130-31; Jamieson figure 19; Morin 24, p. 39, figure 15; Dalton & Hamer, Addenda, Mdx.184, bis II, Stahl 48, 49. Extremely Fine. Silver. 32.1mm. 188.9 gns. Obverse signed MILLER. Bust right, date below; royal arms, supporters, motto. No loop. Not holed. Edge jettered: MAY HE EVER REIGN IN THE HEARTS OF HIS PEO- PLE. Usual edge lettering. Rich silver gray color with some light golden iridescence. Quite rare. A single die pair has been identified on these medals.

Ex Glendining’s sale of March 12, 1958, lot 127.

76 George III or Simcoe Indian Peace Medal. 1794. Adams p.130-31; Jamieson figure 19; Morin 24, p. 39, figure 15; Dalton & Hamer, Addenda, Mdx.184, bis II, Stahl 48, 49. Choice Very Fine. Silver. 32.1mm. 185.5 gns. Obverse signed MILLER. Bust right, date below; royal Arms, sup- porters, motto. No loop. Holed at the top. Plain edge. Deep silver gray with some blue-gray in places around the rims. Very rare: the cataloguer knows of only one other piece with a plain unlettered edge, the example in the Glenbow Museum. From different dies than the preceding.

Ex Glendining’s sale of March 12, 1958, lot 128.

— 40 —

GEORGE III

THE WAR OF 1812 MEDALS

Unlike the medals awarded to Native Peoples by the British during the previous war with the Americans and dur- ing the brief interlude preceding the War of 1812, those is- sued by the government in 1814 were the outcome of a homeland process that, at its end, created a lovely medal of large size that was struck too much too late. Large numbers were made but these did not see initial distribution until the final year of the war. These medals are quite frequently found in auction sales and their prices realized are a good guide to their scarcity compared to the largest undated George III medals. Nevertheless, the Thomas Wyon designed dies, finely made planchets, and nicely executed striking all serve to make an aesthetically pleasing piece.

Jamieson, in his Medals Awarded to North American Chiefs, 1714-1922, relates an anecdote originally told by artist George Catlin (1794-1872). “During the early years of Queen Victoria’s reign, while gathering material for his book [1851] and making sketches of Indians living in the United States, Catlin found several chiefs of the Sioux and Dahcotas tribes there living several hundred miles south of the Cana-

dian border, wearing the medals of effigy of George III and still cherishing a lasting friendship for the English. These medals had been presented to them as rewards for their ser- vices to the British during the War of 1812-1814.

One of the chiefs, learning that Catlin was soon to re- turn to England, shook him cordially by the hand and then brought forth, with great pride, a large George III medal, which, from being worn next to his naked breast, had become very highly polished. Exhibiting the obverse of the medal and pointing to the face of His Majesty, the chief made the singular and significant speech ‘When you cross the Big Salt Lake, tell my Great Father that you saw his face, and it was bright.’ To this Catlin replied, ‘I can never see your Great Father, he is dead.’ After a long si- lence the Indian asked if there was no Great Chief in Eng- land, and on being told that a young and beautiful woman was now queen of Great Britain, he again withdrew the medal and with much solemnity said, ‘Tell my Great Mother that you saw our Great Father, and that we keep his face bright.’ ”

77 George III Indian Peace Medal. 1814. Smallest size. Adams 14.2; census specimen 9. Very Fine to Extremely Fine. Silver. 38.7mm. 449.9 gns. Obverse leaves point to TI. Unsigned. Laure- ate, mantled bust right of George III (Obverse 2); grand royal Arms (Reverse A). Original, plain loop. Light silver gray with pale iridescent blue around the rims. Light handling marks. Quite rare: Adams’ research revealed only nine examples of this size.

Ex Numismatic Circular (Spink & Son, Ltd., April, 1965).

78 George III Indian Peace Medal. 1814. Smallest size. Adams 14.2. Very Fine to Extremely Fine. Silver. 37.7mm. 529.1 gns. Obverse leaves point to TI. Obverse signed T.WYON.JUN.S. Laure- ate, mantled bust right of George III (Obverse 2); grand royal Arms (Reverse A). Original, plain loop. Dark gunmetal blue gray on both sides. Very minor handling marks. Obverse seems dished. Although bearing the designer’s signature, the obverse in other respects seems identical to the die on the preced- ing. It seems there are further mysteries to be discovered in this size. Quite rare: Adams’ research re- vealed only nine examples of this size.

Ex A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on July 2, 1971.

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE III

79 George III Indian Peace Medal. 1814. Smallest size. Adams 14.2. Extremely Fine. Lead.

37.7mm. 326.3 gns. Obverse leaves point to TI. Obverse signed T.WYON.JUN.S. Laureate, mantled bust right of George III (Obverse 2); grand royal Arms (Reverse A). No loop. Dark. Slightly bent. Be- lieved to be a trial piece for these dies and as such, just the second known. Very rare: Adams’ research revealed only two of these struck in lead.

Ex A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on July 2, 1971.

80 George III Indian Peace Medal. 1814. Middle size. Adams 13.1; census specimen 15. Choice Extremely Fine. Silver, gilt. 60.0mm. 1,164.8 gns. Obverse signed T.WYON JUN S. Laureate, man- tled bust right of George III (Obverse 1); grand royal Arms (Reverse A). Original, plain loop. Pale silver gray with gilding remaining most everywhere. Rims and edge nicked in places, a few more obvious than others. Initials ‘DM’ lightly scratched in the upper right obverse field. Quite rare: Adams’ re- search revealed only 17 examples of this size. A single die pair has been identified on these.

Ex Hans M.F. Schulman prior to 1953.

— 42 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE III

81 George III Indian Peace Medal. 1814. Middle size. Adams 13.1; probably census specimen 16. Choice Very Fine. Silver. 60.0mm. 1,133.2 gns. Obverse signed T.WYON JUN S. Laureate, mantled bust right of George III (Obverse 1); grand royal Arms (Reverse A). Original, plain loop. Fairly even pale silver gray color. Rims nicked in many places, fields show handling marks, this was clearly an awarded medal. Quite rare as noted.

Ex Central Coin Show (James Charlton, Toronto) sale of October 8, 1966, lot 283.

82 George III Indian Peace Medal. 1814. Middle size. Adams 13.1; probably census specimen 17. Choice Very Fine. Silver. 60.0mm. 1,140.2 gns. Obverse signed T.WYON JUN S. Laureate, mantled bust right of George III (Obverse 1); grand royal Arms (Reverse A). No loop. Single, fine hole. Light silver gray color. Rims nicked in many places, fields show some obvious handling marks, this also appears to have been an awarded medal. Quite rare as noted.

Ex Robert Brule (Montreal) on June 14, 1961, said ex C.A. Laframboise.

— 43 —

GEORGE III

	f k
		\\
	/ J§ m A

83 George III Indian Peace Medal. 1814. Largest size. Adams 12.1; census specimen 35. About Uncirculated. Silver. 76.6mm. 1,929.0 gns. Obverse signed T.WYON.JUN:S:. Laureate, mantled bust right of George III (Obverse 1); grand royal Arms (Reverse A). Original, plain loop; secondary, fine hole at base of obverse. Rich, medium silver gray with gold, blue and rose iridescence. Ornamental ribbed edge added, affixed to the edge by four rivets (one missing), the work skilled and obviously con- temporary. A single obverse and reverse die pair seems to have been responsible for all these largest 1814 medals (Adams 12.2 seems anomalous).

Ex John G. Murdoch Collection (1904, lot 909, plated), Virgil M. Brand, F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

84 George III Indian Peace Medal. 1814. Largest size. Adams 12.1; census specimen 34. Ex- tremely Fine. Silver. 75.6mm. 1,895.7 gns. Obverse signed T.WYON.JUNtS:. Laureate, mantled bust right of George III (Obverse 1); grand royal Arms (Reverse A). Original, plain loop. Rich, deep sil- ver gray with blue and rose iridescence. Minor handling marks, a few small rim bruises.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

— 44 -

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE III

85 George III Indian Peace Medal. 1814. Largest size. Adams 12.1; census specimen 33. About Extremely Fine. Silver. 75.5mm. 1,871.1 gns. Obverse signed T.WYON.JUN:S:. Laureate, mantled bust right of George III (Obverse 1); grand royal Arms (Reverse A). No loop, single hole. Deep silver gray with gold and blue iridescence. Minor handling marks, a few small rim bruises. A nice looking medal even without the suspender.

Ex A. H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on October 12, 1973.

86 George III Indian Peace Medal. 1814. Largest size. Adams 12.1; uncertain census specimen number. Choice Very Fine. Silver. 75.5mm. 1,904.2 gns. Obverse signed T.WYON.JUN:S:. Laure- ate, mantled bust right of George III (Obverse 1); grand royal Arms (Reverse A). Atypical, plain loop probably a replacement. Medium silver gray with some faint gold iridescence. Some scratches, other handling marks, light rim bruises.

Possibly ex Frank Katen, before 1953.

— 45 —

OEcn

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE III

Lot No. 87

87 George III Indian Peace Medal. 1814. Largest size. Adams 12.1; census specimen 36. Very Good/Fine. Silver. 75.4mm. 1,820.5 gns. Obverse signed T.WYON.JUN:S:. Laureate, mantled bust right of George III (Obverse 1); grand royal Arms (Reverse A). No loop. Single, atypically large hole. Deep silver gray color. Well worn. The “twisted wire hanger” described under Adams 12.1, 36 was a piece of modern steel wire and was discarded.

Ex Wayte Raymond Estate.

88 George III Indian Peace Medal. 1814. Largest size. Adams 12.1; census specimen 37. About Uncirculated. Prooflike. Copper, bronzed. 75.5mm. 2,805.8 gns. Thick. Obverse signed T.WYON.JUN:S:. Laureate, mantled bust right of George III (Obverse 1); grand royal Arms (Reverse A). No loop. No hole. Rich mahogany and brown, lighter at the base of the reverse. Old stain in the right obverse field. Serious reverse edge bruise at 8:45. Edge stamped ‘238’. Clearly a restrike with lit- tle to do with Indians but nevertheless quite rare compared to the silver medals from the same dies. Adams lists several of these but most seem to be in institutional holdings.

Ex A.H. Baldwin & Sons, Ltd. on July 2, 1971.

— 46 —

THE JOHN J. FORD. Jr. COLLECTION: British Medals

GEORGE III

89 George III Indian Peace Medal. 1814. Largest size. Adams 12.1; census specimen 39. About Uncirculated. Prooflike. Copper, bronzed. 75.6mm. 2,828.9 gns. Thick. Obverse signed T.WYON.JUN:S:. Laureate, mantled bust right of George III (Obverse 1); grand royal Arms (Reverse A). No loop. No hole. Rich mahogany and brown. Rough behind head and on lower right of reverse, evi- dence of verdigris there. Unnumbered edge. As noted, quite rare compared to the silver medals from the same dies.

Ex Robert Brule (Montreal) on June 14, 1961, said ex C.A. Laframboise.

Seminole Chief Osceola, wearing three Gorgets

— 47 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION

NATIVE AMERICAN TRADE AND OTHER SILVER

90 Silver Gorget for the Native American Market. Undated. Diamond shaped stippling in center, star-burst inside. Hallmarked JB (John Bayly, ca. 1761). Approx. 13x7cm. Corners cut. Very Fine, cleaned, museum number and provenance label on back. This medal was bought from N. Flayderman & Co., Inc. on July 1, 1972. It was then accompanied by a notarized statement from one David Currie certifying that he had lawfully obtained the gorget from the Museum of the American Indian (Heye Foundation) and that it had been collected by an M.R. Harrington in 1909 in Miami, Indiana and that it was accessioned by Dr. Heye, for whom Harrington worked at the time. The correspondence con- cerning this transaction, which includes material of some historical interest, will be donated to the ANS in due course. A copy is included with the lot.

Provenance as noted.

— 48 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION

91 Coin silver soup spoon ca. 1830’s by John J. Low & Co. of Boston. Hallmarked for the firm as Ensko p. 131. Initial ‘K’ engraved on back of handle. Apparently collected by Mr. Ford who believed that noted coin dealer Lyman Low was a member of this silversmithing family.

Provenance unrecorded.

— 49 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION

BRITISH AND IRISH MILITARY, ENGLISH CIVIL GORGETS

92 Fourteenth Light Dragoons. Silver gorget. Crowned cypher above ethnic and hallmarks, en- graved shoulders, leather backing. London date stamps for 1801-02. Approximately 11x10cm. The regi- ment was renamed as on the gorget in 1776. Some of its troops saw service against France in the Low Countries 1792-4 and others in Haiti 1794-7 where losses due to disease were severe. It has been en- folded into the 14th/20th King’s Hussars.

Ex Sotheby's sale of July 23, 1973, lot 52.

— 50 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION

Lot No. 93 (Reduced)

93 First Tyrone Regiment. Silver gorget. Crowned harp and supporters, motto below, engraved shoulders. No hallmarks. ‘JS’ engraved inside (for James Stewart, colonel of the regiment who formed it July, 1780, or James Strong, its officer commanding 1806-12). Approximately 13xllcm. The regi- ment’s uniform was scarlet faced with deep blue; silver swordbelt plate. Same designs and “JS” en- graving, undoubtedly part of the same ensemble. Hallmarked crowned harp, Hibernia (1795-6), ‘DP’ possibly for Daniel Popkins (active 1765-1821). Approximately 7x5 cm. 2 pieces.

Ex Wallis & Wallis Sale 159, lots 1096A & B.

— 51 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION

94 The Ancient and Honourable Lumber Troop. Gilt brass gorget. Arms and supporters of this so- cial club, ethnic flanking. Engraved inside ‘Lieut. Johnson’. No hallmarks. Approximately 11x9cm. The club was a patriotic meeting place in Fleet Street whose members gave themselves military titles.

Ex Wallis & Wallis Sale 159, lot 1094.

— 52 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION

95 The Honorable East India Company. Gilt silver gorget. Arms and supporters of the company and engraved shoulders in silver, hallmarked inside shoulder with London date letter for 1796. En- graved inside ‘JC’ above ‘Brigade Major’. Approximately 11x9cm.

Ex Sotheby’s Sale of July 1 7, 1972, lot 1 76.

— 53 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION

96 The Honorable East India Company. Gilt silver gorget. Arms and supporters of the company, hallmarked on shoulder with London date letter for 1805. With blue silk tabs and neck tie Small edge split. Approximately 11x9cm. With old paper label “Silver gilt gorget. Hallmarked 1805 [unreadable] G.III. Worn by a commissioned officer late. ..Hon. E. India Co. Very rare.

Provenance unrecorded.

— 54 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION

97 The Honorable East India Company. Gilt brass gorget. Arms and supporters of the company in silver affixed to the front. No hallmarks. With leather backing. Small edge split. Approximately 11x9cm.

Ex Wallis & Wallis Sale 167, lot 1077.

— 55 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION

98 The Honorable East India Company. Gilt brass gorget. Arms and supporters of the company. No hall marks. Approximately 11x9cm.

Ex Sotheby’s sale of July 1 7, 1972, lot 191.

— 56 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION

99 Brass pocket compass and sundial. Unmarked. Ca. 18th. c. Approximately 4.5cm. Compass rose under glass, collapsable gnomon, screw thread lid. The sort of gadget an officer might carry with him into the unmapped American forests.

Provenance unrecorded.

'J.SP R.R EXP i. SURVEYS - 47™ A 40™ PARALLELS GENERAL REPORT - PLATE XVI

Fori Union, and Distribution of Goods to the Assinniboines

— 57 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION

THE WASHINGTON

The Washington Seasons Medals were ordered by James McHenry, Secretary of War, by letter sent October, 1796 to Rufus King, then American Ambassador to the Court of St. James in Great Britain. The medals were designed at King’s request by Colonel John Trumbull in 1797. Trumbull’s sketches for the three obverses and single common reverse were engraved into dies by Conrad Kuchler. The medals were struck by Boulton & Watt in Birmingham during April-Octo- ber, 1798. McHenry’s originating order of 1796 called for 500 silver and 200 copper medals in all. Recent study by David Vice published in FORMAT 48 based upon the Matthew Boulton papers has established the mintage figures for the three types. Six sets in silver without loops were struck in 1799 at Rufus King’s order and while not so stated, may have been proofs.

Although the medals have as their reverse type the inscrip- tion SECOND PRESIDENCY OF GEO. WASHINGTON MD- CCXCVI they were not distributed until after Washington had both left office and died. Some of these medals were dis- tributed by Lewis and Clark on their trek across the conti- nent in 1805. There appear to be no portraits known of Indians shown wearing one of the Seasons medals and Fr. Prucha suggests the types were not well accepted by Native Americans who, he feels, preferred medals with portraits of kings or presidents on them. The original 1796 order called for the medals to be pieced for suspension but as fulfilled the medals were made with a small loop at the top.

Silver Seasons Medals are very rare. Most of them did not survive, either because they were later melted at the Phila- delphia Mint to make other medals or were lost following dis- tribution. The number actually given to Native Americans is unknown. Almost all known silver medals show signs of hav- ing been worn and are usually in lower grades with a myriad of marks showing varying degrees of distress. Copper medals may also have been distributed but it is likely they would have been resisted more strenuously than the anacephalic

SEASONS MEDALS

silver ones. Copper medals in general are found in higher grades than the silver ones.

An interesting letter regarding the Seasons Medals, dated May 29, 1800 and written by Samuel McHenry to Samuel Dexter, sheds further light of these medals:

“It is especially and specifically recommended to my suc- cessor, to make himself as soon as possible minutely ac- quainted with the actual state of the Indian Superintendencies, and also with the system which has been adopted, and is now in execution for the amelioration of the condition of the Indians, and keeping them at peace with and attached to the United States. I cannot but flatter myself that the efficiency of the system initiated by the late Presi- dent will not be impaired under the direction of my succes- sor, having had its success much at heart and leaving under its influence which must increase with time the great body of Indians in all parts of the United States, well affected to the interests of our Country-friendly to each other-indisposed to war and progressing in civilization.

To aid this system, a series of medals in silver and bronze have been procured from England with devices elegantly exe- cuted emblematic of the progressive states of man from the savage to the earliest arts of civilized life. These were in- tended to be distributed by the Superintendents as encour- agements to those of the Indians who should make the greatest advances in raising cattle, the cultivation of their lands and the domestic manufacturers of spinning and weav- ing. They are deposited in four boxes in the Bank of the United States, except a few which are in a desk in the Secre- tary’s room at the War Office-the key of which will be left en- closed for my successor. I have taken to myself two of each of the three sets forming the series wishing to preserve these evidences of the benevolent intentions of the administration of General Washington toward the Indians.”

A NICE SILVER SHEPHERD MEDAL

100 Washington Seasons Medal. The Shepherd. Silver. Obverse signed C.H.K. Fc. Julian IP. 51, Prucha 37, Belden 12. Choice Very Fine. 48.3mm. 723.1 gns. 2.9 - 3.0mm thick. Looped as issued. Deep silver gray in color with some light russet around the rims. Fairly minor handling and rim marks, none disfiguring. A remarkably clean example for a silver medal. This type is known in silver and bronzed copper. The obverse design was described by the artist as “ 1. Alludes to the raising of cattle-a cow licking a young calf-sheep and a lamb sucking-a man in the character of a shepherd watching them-a small house and trees in the distance.” Mintages: 150 silver with loop, 17 silver without loop, 60 bronzed copper with loop, 7 bronzed copper without loop.

Ex Wayte Raymond. Estate.

— 58 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION

WASHINGTON SEASONS MEDALS

101 Washington Seasons Medal. The Shepherd. Copper, bronzed. Obverse signed C.H.K. Fc. J.IP.51, Pr.37, B.12. About Uncirculated. 48.3mm. 733.9 gns. 3.3 - 3.5mm thick. Looped as issued. Rich coppery brown in color with subtle hints of faded original color. Minor handling marks only. An- other example remarkably free from the serious damage these Seasons medals always seem to have suffered. Actually rarer than the silver medals. Mintages: 150 silver without loop, 17 silver without loop, 60 bronzed copper with loop, 7 bronzed copper without loop.

Ex Wayte Raymond Estate.

102 Washington Seasons Medal. The Shepherd. Copper, bronzed. Obverse signed C.H.K. Fc. J.IP.51, Pr.37, B.12. About Uncirculated. 48.2mm. 744.9 gns. 3.4 - 3.5mm thick. Not looped as is- sued. Nice, deep coppery brown on smooth and somewhat reflective surfaces. Like the last, free from disfiguring marks, just ordinary signs of handling and none damaging. Without a loop the medal is the rarest of the four styles of this variety. Mintages: 150 silver without loop, 17 silver without loop, 60 bronzed copper with loop, 7 bronzed copper without loop.

Ex Wayte Raymond Estate.

— 59 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION

WASHINGTON SEASONS MEDALS

103 Washington Seasons Medal. The Sower. Silver. Obverse signed C.H.K. Fc. Julian IP. 53, Prucha 37, Belden 13. Very Fine. 48.2mm. 721.3 gns. 2.8 - 3.0mm thick. Looped as issued. Pale to medium silver gray in color with hints of light gold around the rims. Minor handling and rim marks, indecipherable inscription scratched into the reverse in the spaces bewteen the lines of the struck in- scription seemingly dated 1846. This type is also known in silver and bronzed copper. The obverse de- sign was described by the artist as “No. 2. A man sowing wheat-in the distance another person ploughing-a small house and enclosures-characterize the first steps in agriculture.” Mintages: 150 sil- ver with loop, 17 silver without loop, 60 bronzed copper with loop, 7 bronzed copper without loop.

Ex Wayte Raymond Estate.

r SECOND

104 Washington Seasons Medal. The Sower. Copper, bronzed. Obverse signed C.H.K. Fc. J.IP.53, Pr.37, B.13. Choice Extremely Fine. 48.2mm. 723.9 gns. 3.3 - 3.4mm thick. Not looped as issued. A really nice example. Both sides are a rich, deep brown, the obverse slightly darker than the back. The only signs of handling this has seen are more than minor and are essentially trivial. The sur- faces are lightly reflective. Without a loop this is actually rarer than a specimen in silver. Mintages: 150 silver with loop, 17 silver without loop, 60 bronzed copper with loop, 7 bronzed copper without loop.

Ex Estes Gale Hawkes on November 5, 1975.

— 60 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION

WASHINGTON SEASONS MEDALS

J^XOtCafc C NiMU,,

105 Washington Seasons Medal. The Spinner. Silver. Obverse signed C.H.K. Fc. J.IP.52, Pr., B.14. About Uncirculated. Prooflike. 48.2mm. 706.3 gns. 2.8 - 2.9mm thick. Not looped as issued. An outstanding example. Both sides are toned in rich, medium silver gray with faint iridescence. The fields are brightly reflective. This is one of the nicest we can remember seeing and was clearly carefully preserved from the day it was first struck for presentation purposes. This type is also known in silver and bronzed copper. The obverse design was described by the artist as “No. 3. The inside of a house-a woman spinning-another weaving-an infant in the cradle rocked by another child somewhat larger-is meant to convey an idea of domestic tranquility and employment.” Mintages: 149 silver with loop, 17 silver without loop, 58 bronzed copper with loop, 9 bronzed copper without loop.

Ex Emidio Bastianelli (West End Coins) on May 2, 1985.

106 Washington Seasons Medal. The Spinner. Copper, bronzed. Obverse signed C.H.K. Fc. J.IP.52, Pr., B.14. Choice Extremely Fine. 48.2mm. 744.9 gns. 3.4 - 3.6mm thick. Not looped as is- sued. Pale brown obverse, deeper steel brown on the back. Somewhat reflective surfaces. Minor han- dling marks. Curious ‘M’ lightly stamped into edge after striking. Without a loop this is the rarest flavor of the type. Mintages: 149 silver with loop, 17 silver without loop, 58 bronzed copper with loop, 9 bronzed copper without loop.

Ex George Justus (B. Max Mehl) on April 30, 1964.

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SILVER INDIAN PEACE MEDALS STRUCK BY THE UNITED STATES MINT

The Most Important Collection Ever Assembled

There has never been a collection of United States Indian Peace Medals struck in silver as large, comprehensive, significant, or ground- breaking as this one. The hundred and more medals that will cross the auction block in this and the second sale represent a very significant percentage of the total number of such medals that has ever been available for purchase by pri- vate and institutional collectors. In some cases, such as Harrison’s round medals, the number present here is nearly half of the total number believed struck at the time they were ordered from the Mint! When the final lot is hammered the wider collecting fraternity will have at its long term disposal such a large number of these medals that the field will have forever been changed. No longer will silver Indian Peace Medals be esoteric items rarely encountered. Rather, they will take their place, rightful it will soon seem, alongside medals from the other U.S. series as collectibles that are approachable

by a vastly increased segment of the collecting marketplace.

The dispersal of Mr. Ford’s collection of United States Indian Peace medals will occupy two separate auction sales. The first, catalogued herein, will feature as complete a set of Presi- dents from Jefferson to Harrison (Mr. Ford’s Washington peace medals were sold with his Washingtonia collection in May, 2004) in all sizes as is possible to put together. There are only six presidential sizes missing in silver here, a most remarkable statement about the collec- tion and one that marks it as unprecedented. Missing are the Hayes, Cleveland, and Harrison ovals which may not actually exist or if they do, are not in collectors’ hands; the large size Mon- roe with the first reverse, which may also not exist and may never have been struck in the first place; and the middle size Taylor which is either unique or exceptionally rare.

The Ponca delegation photographed in November 1877 in Washington DC.

Nine of the delegates are wearing medals.

National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution (Neg. #4244-0

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If nothing else stamped this sale as one to no- tice it would be the presence of a complete set of Jefferson shell medals. The second sale, sched- uled for May, 2007, will include duplicates in the U.S. series in silver and the entire collection of bronzed copper medals. Another set of Jeffer- son shells will be featured in this second auc-

Ition along with other very rare silver issues, any one of which would mark the sale in which it was offered as important. Collectors should plan their bidding strategies accordingly.

I The standard references for collectors of In- ; dian Peace Medals are Bauman Belden’s Indian • Peace Medals Issued in the United States 1(1927), Francis Prucha, S.J.’s Indian Peace I Medals in American History (1971), and Robert .Julian’s Medals of the United States Mint 1792- \1892 (1977). All are still essential despite their i age. Belden’s includes some anecdotal informa-

!tion unpublished elsewhere and features useful illustrations of medals. Fr. Prucha’s is the best of the three and the cataloguer’s debt to the good cleric’s diligent research is evident i throughout these pages. Julian’s assigns IP I numbers to each medal he believed was struck l and these are used by collectors as finding lists. Ii The cataloguer has borrowed Julian’s number- fing system for the structure of the descriptions I to follow. In most cases this has proven to be a (workable arrangement; the infrequent in- I stances in which it did not will be self-evident.

The descriptions to follow will be somewhat ii complex, perhaps including more technical nu- Lmismatic information than collectors are used to seeing. The cataloguer is very aware of the |. importance of this collection, as it offers a series of data points for the study of Indian Peace [•Medals that will never again be assembled in lone place, and does not wish the opportunity to pass by without taking advantage of it.

Like the others surrounding it, this section of Jthe catalogue is ordered chronologically, with i the medals of each president listed in succes- sion. Where Mr. Ford lacked an example of a known issue the parameters expected for such a one have been listed regardless. Conversely, Ju- lian numbers that have turned out to have been assigned in error have also been listed but with the appropriate corrective commentary. The cataloguer expects that the Ford collection cata-

logue will become the standard reference for U.S. Indian Peace Medals and has made the list- ings as comprehensive as possible.

Since these medals served a purpose, some details of the shameful history of European- American expansion across the continent of North America have been included within each presidential grouping. Read seriatim they tell a story that is all too familiar to moderns. The de- tails have been based upon two principal sources, each of which has also occasionally been quoted: Atlas of the North American In- dian by Carl Waldman (New York: Facts on File, 1985) and Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 4. History of Indian-White Rela- tions edited by Wilcomb E. Washburn (Washing- ton, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1988).

Mr. Ford’s love for this series was rivalled only by his concern for the medals illustrative of early American history. He acquired as many Indian medals in silver as he could, at times owning all those known of a particular presi- dent (Harrison and Arthur immediately come to mind). He preferred silver to bronzed copper because he preferred originals to restrikes, those made for later collectors. Although there is no way of provenancing these medals to par- ticular recipients, silver medals generally were made for distribution to elite Native Peoples and not for sale to collectors. Mr. Ford felt that any silver medal he held was a key to the past of his white ancestors, whose gift he believed sealed both the allegiance and the subjugation of the red man for whom it was intended.

The peaceful occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington, DC. November 1972. Bettmann/Corbis

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Mr. Ford always hoped to issue a book length study of Indian Peace Medals based upon the contents of his collection. He believed that there were questions about these medals that had not yet been asked, let alone answered. Some of those we cannot pursue, his knowledge of the field surpassed that of anyone else then or now and what he was unable to pass on to the present cataloguer he took to his grave. Some questions he posed can be answered by those who come after him, however, and several of these have been considered in the pages to follow. The difficult issue of the chronology of use of the first and second reverses can be traced in the descriptions and once understood will probably leave the advanced collector with as many questions as he first had, only they will now be different ones.

Indian Peace Medals were struck in silver for presentation to native Americans. Almost all silver Indian Peace Medals are originals, struck intentionally for eventual presentation to a Na- tive American recipient. There are a handful of exceptions to this rule, however. Grant’s medal was restruck in silver because there was a de- mand for it from collectors and the Mint was motivated to oblige them. Later, sometime in the early years of the 20th c., the Mint made a few restrikes of silver medals in the usual for- mat and about 40 years later a further series in matte silver. Few of either kind are known and luckily for collectors, they are easily identifi- able. The matte pieces trace their provenance through Bowers & Merena’s 1987 sale of the Dreyfuss Collection to Ed Rice of Philadelphia, for whom they were made, presumably. As these are matte they are easily distinguished from others. The non-matte restrikes all trace their provenance to a 1991 World Exonumia auction sale and were plated in the catalogue and their full diagnostics were described.

By definition any example struck in copper is not an original. Rather, these are “abschlags,” off-metal strikes made for collectors. Beginning in the early 1840’s with the middle size Jeffer- son medal, the Mint made strikes of Indian Peace Medals in copper for sale to collectors. With the ever growing popularity of collecting numismatic objects, and especially “national” medals, more and more pressure was placed on the Mint to sell Indian Peace Medals. Accord- ingly, the Mint struck specimens in copper and advertised them for sale in its monthly circular beginning in the 1850’s. The Mint experi-

mented with bronzing the surfaces of the medals struck in copper, sometimes before striking, sometimes after. The bronzing pow- ders used, made up according to the several dif- ferent formulae popular at different times in the 19th c., gave the finished medals different colors, ranging from a red mahogany to an or- ange tan and a deep brown.

It used to be thought that different colors were popular at different times and that these could be used to approximately date Indian Peace Medals struck in copper. Today, old In- dian Peace Medals are available in copper with several different surface finishes, all of which are attractive and appeal to different collecting tastes.

Like the copper medals, none of the Indian Peace Medals series was ever struck in alu- minum for official presentation to a Native American by any arm of the federal govern- ment. Rather, the extremely rare aluminum IP medals were made before January, 1919 for sale to omnivorous collector Virgil Brand. Stephen K. Nagy handled the transaction. The medals were made at the Philadelphia Mint using offi- cial obverse and reverse 76mm size IP dies. They included a mix of first and second re- verses, probably not to create additional “deli- cacies” but more likely because their makers didn’t recognize the differences as significant. To date, the cataloguer is aware of the following seven struck in aluminum: Madison (IP5) first reverse; John Q. Adams (IP. 11) first reverse; Van Buren (IP17) second reverse; Tyler (IR21) second reverse; Taylor (IP27) second reverse; Fillmore (IP30); Pierce (IP32), small date; and Johnson (IP40). Unlike the copper restrikes, the market for the aluminum ones was not the collecting fraternity at large but was limited to just one individual.

Yellow bronze is the metal currently used by the Mint to make restrikes of Indian Peace Medals. These may be obtained directly from the Mint on application and payment of a small fee. The color is pale yellow, the surfaces have a matte appearance, and the edges show stria- tions from the grinding wheels that finish the struck medals. These restrikes have been made since the early days of the 20th c. and some have aged nicely. Since more than a century of production has gone by the corpus of modern Mint restrike Indian Peace Medals sorely needs its historian.

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WHERE ARE ALL THE INDIAN PEACE MEDALS?

By George Fuld

i The following article by our good friend George Fuld, appeared in the August 13, 2001 issue of h Coin World. In it he offers his perspective in U. S. Indian Peace Medals.

Original Indian peace medals in silver are among the H most elusive items in American numismatics. When one | considers the large quantities of these medals issued I between 1789 (under George Washington) until 1892 || (under Benjamin Harrison), it is hard to believe they are

■ so uniformly dear.

Records exist on mintages of most of these medals.... |r The total number of medals issued for Indian pre- | sentation from the Washington Season medals || of 1797 to Benjamin Harrison in 1890 is I 3,449 medals. This is a net total, trying to M take into account a number of remelted ft issues used for subsequent strikings.

I It is most likely that this is a mini- L mum number of medals issued,

I since records might not have I recorded all that were struck.

I The number of each medal ft issued is from official records as ft recorded carefully by Francis i. Paul Prucha in his monumental 1 study of these medals (Indian

■ Peace Medals in American L History, State Historical I Society of Wisconsin, 1971).

It should be noted that no I contemporary medals were I issued for President John Adams,

I although dies were cut about 1845 I to fill in the series. In addition a I round 76-millimeter Washington ft medal, with a date of 1789, of stan- V dard design, was struck by the Mint p about 1900. Neither of these was ever ft intended for Indian presentation.

A little background on Indian B peace medals will bring them I; into focus for the interested |i numismatist. Peace medals |f were awarded first by the |i French, Spanish and the British

I* governments as a token of the Great White Father’s |) “peaceable” intent toward various Indian chieftains with I) the purpose of making the Indians allies of the issuers.

: “It was a badge of honor and a sign, to both sides, that he who displayed the medal was a friend to the American j nation. Today, it is an enduring symbol of one of [the] i greatest Chief Executives and his forward looking hope ' to live in perpetual peace with Indians, to cultivate an li affectionate attachment from them, be every thing just 1 & liberal which we can do for them within the bounds of ji reason, and by giving them effective protection against

the wrongs from our own people” (Thomas Jefferson to William Henry Harrison, Feb. 27, 1803).

They were hung around the neck and dearly prized by the Indians. The British issued medals in copper about dollar size under George I and George II, but starting about 1760 large round silver medals were issued under the reign of George III. These medals are faithfully examined in the recent work by numismatist John Adams (The Indian Peace Medals of George III of His Majesty’s Sometime Allies, G.F. Kolbe Publications, 1999). When the United States federal government started to make peace with Indian tribes in the late 1780s, large oval medals were awarded. These medals, issued in 1789, 1792, 1793 and 1795, were not only large and oval in shape, they were hand engraved by leading silversmiths, especially in Philadelphia. Joseph Richardson is the silversmith most closely associated with these oval medals. A most famous painting, showing a 1792 oval Peace medal, is that of Red Jacket.

Whenever a medal was present- ed to a prominent chief, he was asked to surrender any foreign medals, especially the British ones. Most British medals in the Colonies were traded in, except the ones presented to Canadian Indians. When the medals were issued starting with Washington through Benjamin Harrison the portrait of the current presi- dent was depicted thereon. The lone exception to this portrai- ture was John Adams where the Season medals ordered under Washington and delivered in 1798 were used during his presidency. Most of the medals presented by Meriwether Lewis and William Clarke in 1804 to 1806 in their explorations were the Season medals, but some were silver dollars pierced for suspension. Three of the magnificent Jefferson shell medals, dated 1804, were carried by the Lewis and Clarke expeditions. Zebulon Pike carried some medals with him when exploring the Colorado region, but Jefferson medals were not yet available.

Just what accounts for the relative rarity of these Indians peace medals today? The most obvious is that

l/led'jfac/te/

Red Jacket, spokesman of the Six Nations of the Iroquois

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many of these were buried with the Indian chief honored at his death. It seams unlikely that medals were destroyed by individuals as most people were aware of the great historical value. Even the large silver medals had a silver value of about $5, which would make melt- ing them not highly profitable.

Of the almost 3,500 medals struck, perhaps only 500 or so are accounted for. Many reside in museums throughout the country. A full census of American peace medals known has not been attempted. Adams paved the way for such a study in his pursuit of the history of the George III medals.

A study of contemporary portraits of Indians shown wearing the medals illustrates the wide distribution of the medals. The famed McKenney-Hall portrait gallery of some 120 or so Indian portraits was enshrined at the Department of Indian Affairs. Starting in 1821, the com- missioner of Indian Affairs, Col. Thomas McKenney, commissioned Charles Bird King to paint portraits of all Indian chieftains visiting Washington. These full color portraits were hung in McKenney’s office in Washington. Some portraits were painted by J.O. Lewis at the Found du Lac Council of 1826 and at the Buttes des Mortes Council in 1827.

McKenney had King copy these portraits in his style to match the others on display. With the exception of the J.O. Lewis copies, the rest were painted from life by King from 1821 to 1837 showing 41 of the Indians wearing Indian peace medals.... An attempt was made to deter- mine the actual medal and size thereof from the portrait

THE McKENNEY- HALL PORTRAIT GALLERY OF

JMERICJH

IMDMHS

BY JAMES D. HORAN

CROWN PUBLISHERS, INC. • NEW YORK

7 if ''ts/cz/ W.ji/ Sgyyyj/ Soyyi/ W/ji/ \

shown. King did not make the medal representation highly detailed, but bust right or left can narrow the medal identification issue. Also, the date of each portrait narrows down the possible medals shown. At least two Indian chiefs are shown wearing three medals each.

In addition, Prucha reproduced a number of contem- porary oils and photographs of Indians wearing medals. These include Payouska, an Osage chief in a sketch from 1804 wearing a large medal. An oil portrait of Souligny, a Menominee chief, shows a Madison medal quite clear- ly. The head chief of the Grand Pawnees, Horse Chief, by George Catlin in 1834, displays a Jackson medal. In another portrait by Catlin, George Lowrey, a Cherokee chief, wears a 76-milimeter Monroe medal.

An 1898 photograph of the Oto chief, George Arkeketah, portrays a 64-milimeter Fillmore medal and a 76-millimeter Pierce medal. A 1901 photograph of the Chippewa Indian, Sound of Eating, shows him wearing a 76-millimeter Fillmore medal. An 1895 photograph of James Arkeketah shows him wearing a 64-millimeter Lincoln medal and a 76-millimeter Pierce medal. A stu- dio photograph of Pawnee Scouts circa 1890 shows four of them wearing 64-millimeter Lincoln peace medals. The Oglala Sioux, He Dog, wore a Grant medal when photographed in 1920. In December 1888, the Brule Sioux chief, Big Mane, was sent a silver Cleveland medal and 10 bronze medals for distribution to deserving tribesmen. Apparently he kept one bronze medal for himself, since the photograph taken in 1913 shows Big Mane with both a silver and a bronze medal.

A photograph in 1898 shows the Southern Cheyenne, Wolf Robe, wearing a Benjamin Harrison medal awarded in 1890 for aiding the Cherokee Commission in 1890. Silver Harrison medals were awarded to 17 other Indians who aided the Cherokee Commission. Finally the Brule Sioux Indian, Yellow Hair, is shown wearing an unofficial Washington medal struck in base metal with a three-quarters left portrait. Many of these unoffi- cial medals were widely distributed through trading posts in the late 19th century.

From the 41 Indians wearing medals in the McKenney-Hall paintings, plus the 13 Indians portrayed in Prucha and the 18 awarded Benjamin Harrison medals, there is ample evidence that these medals were not only widely awarded but highly valued by the Indians themselves. Clearly some further explanation for the scarcity of the Indian peace medals would be open to further study.

It should be noted that almost all the American Indian peace medals starting with Jefferson were restruck by the Mint starting about 1840 in dark mahogany bronze. Except for the several medals ... where a few in bronze were intended for Indian presentation, these medals were made strictly for collectors. As dies disintegrated, new dies were prepared giving rise to many variations. As late as 1970, most of the 76-millimeter presidential peace medals were available from the Mint, struck in 20"' century golden bronze. Although certainly collectible, these restrikes are only medallic reminders of the origi- nal intent of the wonderful Indian peace series.

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| THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

SILVER INDIAN PEACE MEDALS OF THE PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES JOHN ADAMS 1797 TO BENJAMIN HARRISON 1889

JOHN ADAMS

1797 - 1801

Born October 30, 1735. Elected December 1796.

Inaugurated March 4, 1797. Died July 4, 1826.

INDLAN-U.S. RELATIONS 1797 - 1801

1795: At Fort Greenville, Ohio (August 3) 1,100 Indian chiefs and warriors agree to a treaty ceding Indian lands amounting to all of present-day Ohio and most of Indiana in return for $20,000 in goods and an annuity of $9,500.

THE INDIAN PEACE MEDALS OF THE ADAMS PRESIDENCY

No Indian Peace Medals were struck specifically for I Adams’ presidency. Medal needs were, presumably, filled | from pre-existing supplies of Washington Seasons Medals r which arrived in Washington in 1799. At some time between » 1814 and 1839 Moritz Furst made an Adams portrait die I which Franklin Peale saw in 1841. Mint Director James j Snowden found the die again in 1861 and married it to a Jef- ) ferson reverse and made a few soft metal strikes, but he ( claimed the die had never been hardened. In 1878, the die reappeared in the sale of the Mickley Collection and was quickly bought by the Mint. The Adams Indian Peace Medal uses the Furst Adams portrait obverse (Neuzil IO-2) and the John Reich PEACE AND FRIENDSHIP reverse type of 1809-49 with pointed A in AND (the First Reverse). Copper > medals were struck in two periods, before 1877 and after 1878 but no better precision than that is possible. President

Grant had a copper one in 1877 which he obtained from a Native American owner and the Mint struck 50 of them in December, 1878.

It is not known when the unique silver 51mm medal ex Victor Morin’s collection was struck, but given both its provenance and condition it is likely to have been early in the first period. The silver 51 mm medal in Dreyfuss:6003 (ex Ed Rice Collection) and the one in Bridge: 1051 were both 20th c. restrikes using the Type II reverse. The aluminum Adams medals were made in the 20th c. for collectors like Virgil Brand. The two records Carlson published in 1986 almost certainly refer to the Bridge and Rice restrikes. Julian IP.l, Prucha 59, Belden 44. 51mm Known in silver (apparently unique ex Victor Morin Estate in 1993), silver restrike (two known), copper (common, with both Type I and II reverses) and aluminum (one known).

War Dance

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

THOMAS JEFFERSON

1801 - 1809

Born April 13, 1743. Elected February 17, 1800.

Inaugurated March 4, 1801. Died July 4, 1826.

INDIAN-U.S. RELATIONS 1801 - 1809

1802-1809: General William Henry Harrison and other commissioners force ces- sions of Indian lands in the Old Northwest. By 1809 the U.S. has obtained most of southern Indiana and large parts of Illinois, Wisconsin, Ohio and Michigan.

1802: Federal law prohibits the sale of liquor to Indians. Congress appropriates funds to “civilize and educate” the Indians. Georgia agrees to cede its western land claims to the federal government and in return the U.S. agrees to “extinguish the In- dian Title to all other Lands within the State of Georgia.”

1803: Louisiana Purchase incorporates the Indian population on the 828,000 square miles between the Mississippi and the Rockies, the territory that forms Mis- souri, Nebraska, Iowa, Arkansas, North and South Dakota, most of Louisiana, Kansas, Minnesota, Montana, Wyoming, and parts of Colorado and Oklahoma.

1804-1806: Lewis and Clark Expedition, headed by Merriwether Lewis, Jefferson’s private secretary, and William Clark, an Army officer, explores the Northwest from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean looking for the best route west and to estab- lish U.S. claims to the Oregon Territory.

1805: Sacagawea, a Shoshone Indian woman who becomes the wife of the Lewis and Clark expedition’s official interpreter, Toussaint Charbonneau, joins the expedi- tion in South Dakota. She accompanies the expedition to the Pacific and part way back to Washington. Her presence in the party marks it as pacific and not belligerent.

1806: Office of Superintendent of Indian Trade is established in the War Depart- ment under the Secretary of War.

1808: American Fur Company is chartered by John Jacob Astor to compete with Canadian firms in the western fur trade.

1809: William Henry Harrison, governor of the Indiana Territory, signs (Septem- ber) the Treaty of Fort Wayne. By lying to and liquoring up a group of non-represen- tative chiefs, Harrison obtains a claim to 3,000,000 acres of land in return for $7,000 and a small annuity.

1809-1811: Tecumseh’s Rebellion. Chief of the Shawnee Tecumseh had earlier re- fused to participate in the Treaty of Greenville. In July, 1809 he starts putting to- gether an alliance of native peoples from the Old Northwest, the South and the eastern Mississippi River Valley.

Thomas Jefferson

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THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

THE INDIAN PEACE MEDALS OF THE JEFFERSON PRESIDENCY

Shortly after Jefferson’s inauguration and at the request of the War Department, Superintendent of Military Stores John Ii’vine contacted Mint Director Elias Boudinot and engraver Robert Scot in April, 1801 and requested that they begin preparing dies for silver medals to be distributed to Native Americans. A series of delays occupied the summer months of 1801 but by December of that year John Reich (under sub- contract from Robert Scot) had effected the dies for the three sizes of medals planned. Letter punches were made by coiner Adam Eckfeldt. Philadelphia silversmith Joseph Richardson, Jr., whose family firm had earlier made many of the large oval Washington medals, was entrusted with the task of preparing the silver plates and striking them with Scot’s dies. The Jefferson medals were composed of an obverse and reverse struck on round plates, these inlet into an encircling band afterwards closed at the top and mounted with a ring for suspension. The space between the shells was sometimes filled to provide support for the thin silver faces.

The round Jefferson medals were extremely popular, in part because of their large size, in part because their only American competition were the Washington Seasons Medals which bore no portrait, and in part because no medals had been made for John Adams’ earlier presidency and none were ready early enough during Monroe’s. As a result, fairly large numbers of Jefferson medals were actually distributed, not

only during his own presidency, but even as late as 1812 dur- ing Monroe’s administration. Records published by Fr. Prucha show hundreds of medals in all three sizes sent by the War Department in the period from 1805-12 including 93 of the extremely rare middle size. In 1803, Lewis and Clarke packed 32 Jefferson medals of all three sizes for their explor- ing expedition, all of which had to compete, so to speak, with the 76 mm George III silver medals being distributed to Na- tive Americans by agents of the British crown. After demand for the medals had ceased the dies were deposited with the Purveyor of Military Stores’ office in the arsenal in Philadel- phia. They remained there until 1841 when Mint Director Robert Patterson located and removed them.

Restrikes were made almost immediately, including copper medals in the largest size and silver medals in the middle size, but these are easily identifiable as such. Carlson’s notes of nine auction records for the largest silver, five for the mid- dle size, and 11 for the smallest are out of date, but their ra- tios closely reflect their comparative rarity. The American Numismatic Society Collection, for example, includes two large, one medium, and two small Jefferson shell medals. Happily for collectors, neither Rice nor Bridge had restrike silver shell Jefferson medals, so perhaps the Mint did not make any.

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Peskelechaco, Pawnee Chief,

Part of the Delegation that visited Washington in 1821

— 70 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

107 Thomas Jefferson Indian Peace Medal, 1801. Silver. First Size. J.IP.2, Pr.38, B.15. Choice Very Fine. 101.3mm. Rims 6.4 - 6.7mm thick. 2,356.5 gns. Very dark on the front and back, lighter on the rims and edge, the surfaces with a thin oxidation product “skin” from long burial. With original hanger and loop. The surfaces are very clean but with some grafitti in obverse and reverse fields. There are no accurate rarity estimates for any of the three sizes of the Jefferson medal. Numbers originally made were higher than commonly believed and large size Jeffersom medals were still being made and distributed to Native Americans long after Jefferson’s presidency had ended. Numbers surviving are unknown but probably represent less than half. The largest size Jefferson, an imposing piece of work in almost any grade, is the “commonest” of the three, but is still very rare. This medal is also known in copper shells (ANS) and solid silver (referred to by Julian but not seen by the cataloguer, clearly a restrike if it exists) and pewter (ANS) but of later date. These dies are still in the Mint.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

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THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

3wV

108 Thomas Jefferson Indian Peace Medal, 1801. Silver. Middle Size. Original dies. J.IP.3, Pr.39, B.16. Extremely Fine. 76.2mm. Rims 5.3 - 5.6mm thick. 766.2 gns. Lovely, pale silver gray on the obverse, lighter gray on the back, with some iridescent blue and light gold toning in places. A re- markable example. With original hanger and loop. Light obverse scratches, field dent in the upper left field on this side, some fairly serious scratches on Jefferson’s cheek. Good reverse sharpness but fields tooled on that side. Extremely rare: the rarest of the three sizes. There may be as few as five of these in existence. The ANS specimen lacks its hanger and is crushed. There have been only two origi- nal specimens sold at public auction in the past 20 years, including the Dreyfuss piece (ex Connecticut Historical Society) that later appeared in Presidential’s sale of December, 1988. The W.W.C. Wilson sale (1925) had a VF and there was one in the Bushnell sale. The Major General George Colbert speci- men is unaccounted for. The Smithsonian lacked an example of this medal.

There are a handful of middle size Jefferson’s known in solid copper struck from the original dies. The reverse of the middle size medal broke and was replaced in 1866, the obverse is 1886. The obverse of the original die shows the period midway between A and D (on the later restrikes the period is closer to D). The original reverse die shows a die break from the Indian’s thumb running up to the rim through the pipe bowl (the later restrike die is unbroken). This medal is also known in solid silver (re- ported by Belden and ANS) and solid copper (ANS) but of later date. The medal is also known as a matte silver restrike. There are two or three solid silver 76 mm Jefferson medals known, but all are re- strikes and are easily identifiable as such (one appeared in PCAC’s sale of December 1993). The solid silver medal in the ANS Collection is said to have been awarded to “Chief White Hair” of the Great Osage in 1808.

Ex F. C. C. Boyd Estate.

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THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

A PAIR OF SMALL JEFFERSON SHELL MEDALS An Unprecedented Offering

A

h

Lot No. 109

109 Thomas Jefferson Indian Peace Medal, 1801. Silver. Third Size. J.IP.4, Pr.39, B.17. Choice Extremely Fine. 53.7mm. Rims 3.6 - 3.8mm thick. 571.5 gns. Nice, even pale silver gray color on both sides with considerable prooflike lustre on the reverse. A simply outstanding specimen. With origi- nal hanger and loop. Somewhat softly struck on the bases of the letters at left in the obverse inscrip- tion; bases of FRIEN weak on the reverse. Small planchet depression in the right obverse field. Extremely rare: the second rarest of the three sizes in silver shells. The Winterthur collection has a polished Very Fine example and the piece in Bowers & Merena’s sale of March, 2001 was also graded Very Fine. There was a very nice specimen, missing its loop, in Sotheby’s (New York) sale of December, 1993 that Tony Terranova bought for $15,000. The medal is also known in solid pewter (reported by Belden) but of uncertain date.

Ex J. Douglas Ferguson at the CNA Convention, Montreal, on August 12. 1965.

110 Thomas Jefferson Indian Peace Medal, 1801. Silver. Third Size. J.IP.4, Pr.39, B.17. Very Fine to Choice Very Fine. 54.5mm. Rims 4.4 - 4.6mm thick. 408.9 gns. Deep silver gray in color with some light purple and rose iridescence on both sides. A piece with compelling eye appeal. Hanger skillfully removed long ago leaving almost no trace behind on the edge. Light scratches below the clasped hands on the reverse. Fields on both sides lightly tooled. Sharply struck for one of this size. Extremely rare: as noted, the second rarest of the three sizes in silver shells.

Ex Wayte Raymond Estate.

— 73 —

JAMES MADISON 1809-1817

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

JAMES MADISON 1809 - 1817

Born March 16, 1751. Elected December 7, 1808. Inaugurated March 4,1809. Re-elected December 2, 1812. Died June 28, 1836.

INDIAN-U.S. RELATIONS 1809 - 1817

1811: Governor Harrison attacks and destroys Prophet- stown and in the following Battle of Tippecanoe River in north central Indiana Harrison’s troops destroy Tecumseh’s Indian confederacy. Tecumseh and many of his followers cross into Canada and join British forces later in the War of 1812.

1812-14: The War of 1812 begins June 18. The war is largely the result of the influence of the War Hawks in Con- gress led by Henry Clay and other westerners who want to acquire more land by conquering Canada. In the northwest Tecumseh joins the British and helps lead a variety of tribes into battle. His death and the British and Indian defeat at the Battle of the Thames in October 1813 marks the end of effective Indian resistance between the Ohio and the Missis- sippi rivers. In the southwest Creek peoples attack across Georgia, Mississippi and Alabama. Andrew Jackson of Ten-

nessee invades Creek country in the winter of 1813-1814 and at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in March 1814 destroys their resistance. In August 1814 the belligerent as well as neutral Creeks lose more than half their land in the Treaty of Fort Jackson.

1815: Lewis Cass, governor of Michigan Territory, per- suades President Madison to authorize construction of a se- ries of forts along the northern frontier to control British political and mercantile influence from Canada. Fort Mack- inac on the straits between Lakes Huron and Michigan is re- garrisoned and in 1816 regular army troops establish Fort Howard at Green Bay and re-fortify Fort Dearborn at the site of Chicago. A military expedition up the Mississippi from Saint Louis builds Fort Armstrong on Rock Island and Fort Crawford at Prairie du Chien.

THE INDIAN PEACE MEDALS OF THE MADISON PRESIDENCY

Following Madison’s inauguration in 1809 the Secretary of War ordered Purveyor of Military Supplies Tench Coxe to provide silver medals suitable for distribution to Native Americans that would bear the likeness of the new president. The new medals were to be struck solid, to better compete with English ones. John Reich was commissioned to engrave the dies. For various reasons Coxe failed in his commission and left office with the task unfinished. John Mason, head of the Office of Indian Trade, inherited the task and thought to ask a friend, Philadelphia merchant and American Philo- sophical Society member John Vaughan, to assist him. Vaughan might have seemed a suitable choice but his insis- tence on hiring an Italian artist to do a new portrait of Presi- dent Madison and subsequent changes in the design led to further delays. It was not until December, 1814, after his sec- ond term had started, that the first Madison Indian Peace medal was finally struck. A large number of silver medals

were ultimately made at the Mint.

Figures published by Fr. Prucha suggest that more than 113 of the largest size, 100 of the middle, and 103 of the smallest were delivered to John Mason in the first six months of 1815, with silver left over for a further run of the smallest medals. To distinguish the largest from the other designs, Madison is shown wearing a fur cloak on the 76 mm medal but not on the 62 or 51mm sizes. This distinction was contin- ued on the medals until Tyler’s administration, when Direc- tor Patterson’s cost saving measures reduced the presidential portraits on the three sizes to machine made clones of each other. Reich redesigned the reverse of the Indian Peace medal at John Vaughan’s request, removing the cuff with the federal eagle from the Indian’s wrist, adding a pipe bowl to the tomahawk, and changing the clay pipe to a proper calumet.

Quatawapea, Chief of the Shawnee, wearing a Madison Peace Medal.

— 75 —

fr

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

111 James Madison Indian Peace Medal, 1809. Silver. First Size. First Reverse. J.IP.5, Pr.40, B.20. Extremely Fine. Obverse signed on rim “R” for John Reich. 75.8mm. Rims 4.1 - 4.2mm thick. 2,623.1 gns. Witness line at 6:00 (from obverse). Nice, rich silver gray on both sides, the color nearly uniform, with some blue and rose iridescence. Neatly holed at the top; no loop. Minor rim nicks, other minor handling marks, none serious. This size is known only in silver originals and matte silver, cop- per and aluminum restrikes. The large format Madison medal is quite rare with perhaps as few as 15 specimens surviving. There was no 76 mm size Madison in either the Kessler-Spangenberger or Gar- rett sales, for example. Both the Schenkel and Dreyfuss collections included a 76mm Madison, how- ever.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

112 James Madison Indian Peace Medal, 1809. Silver. First Size. First Reverse. J.IP.5, Pr.40, B.20. Fine to Very Fine. Obverse not signed. 75.8mm. Rims 4.1 - 4.2mm thick. 2,605.2 gns. No obvi- ous witness line. Lighter silver gray than the first but also with pale blue and rose iridescence. Neatly holed at the top; no loop. Minor rim marks, surfaces with a myriad of tiny nicks, the medal clearly an awarded one. Rare as noted above, with perhaps about 15 known.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

— 76 —

THE JOHN J. FORD. Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

THREE MIDDLE SIZE MADISON MEDALS The Lowest Mintage Size in Silver

113 James Madison Indian Peace Medal, 1809. Silver. Middle Size. First Reverse. J.IP.6, Pr.40, B.21. Very Fine. 62.8mm. Rims 3.2 - 3.5mm thick. 1,584.4 gns. Witness line at 6:00 (from obverse). Deep silver gray in color with some blue iridescence. Neatly holed at the top; no loop. Noticeable ob- verse rim bruise, less obvious ones on the back, other minor handling marks. Obverse rim beginning to fail in a couple of places, earlier state than the next. This size is known only in silver originals and cop- per restrikes. While the commonest size in copper, the middle size has the lowest mintage of the three in silver with only a handful of auction references including Garrett: 1919 (the piece graded About Very Fine that Stack’s offered in the Maine Antique Digest in August, 1997).

Ex Nelson A. Lowe on July 3, 1964.

114 James Madison Indian Peace Medal, 1809. Silver. Middle Size. First Reverse. J.IP.6, Pr.40, B.21. Fine. 62.9mm. Rims 3.3 - 3.5mm thick. 1,585.3 gns. Witness line at 12:00 (from obverse). Light silver gray with some very faint blue iridescence. Large hole at the top; no loop. Usual signs of han- dling on what was clearly an awarded medal. Obverse rim crumbling around onto table.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

115 James Madison Indian Peace Medal, 1809. Silver. Middle Size. First Reverse. J.IP.6, Pr.40, B.21. Fine. 62.8mm. Rims 3.1 - 3.4mm thick. 1,552.5 gns. No apparent witness line. Light silver, once cleaned, some deeper gray and blue around the rim. Large hole at the top; replacement loop. Usual signs of handling, noticeable reverse rim dent, another clearly awarded medal. Obverse rim crumbling around onto table about as seen on the preceding medal.

Ex Estes G. Hawkes on September 18, 1977.

116 James Madison Indian Peace Medal, 1809. Silver. Third Size. First Reverse. J.IP.7, Pr.40, B.22. Very Fine. 51.2mm. Rims 3.0 - 3.3mm thick. 888.6 gns. Witness line at 12:00 (from obverse). Nice, deep silver gray color most everywhere, toning line across front. Neatly holed at the top; no loop. Usual signs of handling, fairly serious reverse rim impairments. This size is known in silver originals and copper restrikes. Very rare. The cataloguer has seen only four auction appearances of a small for- mat Madison silver medal in recent years, including two by Presidential (1990 and 1992) and one each by Bowers (1992) and Stack’s (1995). This size was missing from the Schenkel and Dreyfuss collections and is probably the rarest of the presidency.

Ex Lt. John M. Wolfe, Jr. on May 27, 1963.

— 78 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

JAMES MONROE

1817 - 1825

Born April 28, 1758. Elected December 4, 1816. Inaugurated March 4, 1817. Died July 4, 1831.

INDIAN-U.S. RELATIONS 1817 - 1825

1817-18: First Seminole War (1817-1818) begins (November 20) as settlers attack Florida Indians who retaliate by raiding Georgia homesteads. December 27, 1817 An- drew Jackson takes command and pursues Indians into Florida, captures St. Marks on April 7 and Pensacola on May 24, 1818. Spain cedes East Florida to the U.S. the follow- ing year.

1819: Congress authorizes an annual sum of $10,000 for a “civilization fund” to pro- mote “civilization” of Indians by employing “capable persons of good moral character, to instruct them in the mode of agriculture suited to their situation; and for teaching their children in reading, writing, and arithmetic.” Secretary of War John C. Calhoun invites Christian missionary societies to participate.

1819-1822: Secretary of War John C. Calhoun authorizes expeditions from Detroit up the Mississippi to the mouth of the Minnesota River, where Fort Snelling is built in 1819, and up the Missouri to the Yellowstone River (which gets as far as present day Omaha where Fort Atkinson is established). In 1822 erection of Fort Brady at Sault Sainte Marie assures control of that end of the waterway. “Indian agents like Nicholas Boilvin and Joseph M. Street at Prairie du Chien, Lawrence Taliaferro at St. Peter’s, Henry R. School craft at Sault Sainte Marie, and William Clark, superintendent at Saint Louis, were largely successful in convincing the Indians to turn in their British flags and medals and to accept in their place the symbols of American jurisdiction.”

1819-1824: Kickapoo Indians resist their removal from the Illinois country.

1821: Treaty with the Seminole forces them to move to the center of Florida, a vir- tually uninhabitable area, within 20 years in return for a subsidy and U.S. “protec- tion.”

1822: Congress abolishes the Office of Indian Trade.

1824: Cherokee becomes the first native American language to be translated into a written form, using a syllabary of 85 characters. The Bureau of Indian Affairs is orga- nized as part of the War Department. In his annual message to Congress (December), President Monroe states the only solution to the Indian “problem” is their removal west.

1825: Despite objections by their people, Creek leaders sign a treaty (February 12) giving up their land in Georgia and promising to migrate west the following year.

Makataimeshekiakiah or Black Hawk, Chief of the Sauk & Fox, wearing a Monroe Indian Peace Medal

— 80 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

THE INDIAN PEACE MEDALS OF THE MONROE PRESIDENCY

Following Monroe’s inauguration as president Superinten- dent of Indian Trade Thomas McKenney requested the Sec- retary of War to have medals made bearing the new president’s portrait suitable for distribution to Native Ameri- cans. His request was not acted upon, however. The follow- ing year, McKenney wrote again and again received no favorable response. McKenney’s third request for new medals, in a letter drafted in May, 1818, received a response and Secretary of War John Calhoun asked for details of the project. McKenney replied saying he thought 100 medals each of the three customary sizes should be sufficient for his needs and Calhoun authorized him to proceed with the un- dertaking. McKenney chose to work with John Vaughan, de- spite the latter’s persnickety attention to irrelevant detail, and after some discussion about which artist to employ to take the president’s portrait settled upon Moritz Furst of Philadelphia.

Furst worked quickly and had die trials ready for McKen- ney in January, 1819. The first medals, 20 of the 62 mm size, were delivered to McKenney in April, 1820, but despite the authorization for 300 medals the total struck was 32 of the 76mm size and 100 each of the 62mm and 51mm sizes. Ap- parently demand for the Monroe medal was not as strong as McKenney had anticipated, for by the end of the Monroe presidency most of the 76mm (23 of 32 struck), 62mm (88 of 100 struck), and 51mm (91 of 100 struck) had not been dis- tributed. They remained with the Office of Indian Trade until 1822 when it was disestablished. The medals on hand were turned over the the office of the Secretary of War and it is likely that they were all melted. Julian IP.8, Prucha 41,

Belden 23. 76mm Known in silver (originals and matte sil- ver restrikes), copper (restrikes), and aluminum (restrikes).

The largest size Monroe is the rarest of the three or if not, it is tied with the 51mm size for that honor. Carlson found two auction records but the present cataloguer cannot con- firm these. The medal may not exist with the Type I reverse and that is why Mr. Ford did not include one in his collec- tion. At least one is known in aluminum, ex a purchase from Stephen Nagy by Virgil Brand in January, 1919. Included in lot 6003 of the David W. Dreyfuss Collection (Bowers & Mer- ena, 1987) were 13 round matte silver medals with official presidential portraits on their obverses and the clasped hands reverse of the official Indian Peace medals. Presidents included Washington through Buchanan. Elsewhere in the same sale were matte oval silver Indian Peace Medals of Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, and Cleveland and one of the large round Harrisons. These were variously described as 20th c. restrikes or later U.S. Mint restrikes. All 17 of these medals appeared to have been struck in the 1940’s (Mr. Ford thought 1946) for Ed Rice, a well-known collector-dealer resi- dent in Philadelphia who seems to have had connections with the Mint.

Rice’s holdings included these Indian Peace Medals and other presidential medals as a single set. All had been struck at the Mint using official Indian Peace Medal dies. All had been given a sandblast surface finish that made them dis- tinctly matte in appearance, perhaps a security measure on the Mint’s part.

Foke Luste Hajo, Seminole Chief, wearing a Monroe Indian Peace Medal

— 81 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

117 James Monroe Indian Peace Medal, 1817. Silver. Middle Size. First Reverse. J.IP.9, Pr.41, B.24. Choice About Uncirculated. Obverse signed FURST. F. 62.8mm. Rims 3.2 - 3.5mm thick. 1,581.0 gns. No apparent witness line. A remarkable example in outstanding condition. Rich, satiny pale silver gray on the surfaces with bright reflectivity in the fields and a very sharp strike. Minor impairments only including some light scratches on the back near the hole. Small hole near the top, off to the right from the guide; no loop. Almost no signs of handling. This size is known in silver originals and copper restrikes. This is the usually-found size of Monroe IP medals.

Garrett’s (lot 1920) was a very nice EF that went, ultimately, through Stack’s 1988 Anniversary Sale to the firm’s fixed price list offering in the August, 1997 issue of the Maine Antique Digest. Schenkel’s (lot 4023) was also an EF as was the New York Public Library specimen. Dreyfuss’ (lot 5124) was graded Choice Fine. LaRiviere’s graded nearly About Uncirculated and was prooflike. Bridge:1054 was authenticated as an original silver by ANAAB. Carlson’s notes of 18 auction records for this size in sil- ver accurately show this to be the commonest size despite the suggestion in the Mint records that only 12 of the 100 struck were not melted. It is likely that some Monroe medals were distributed in the years following his presidency.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

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118 James Monroe Indian Peace Medal, 1817. Silver. Middle Size. First Reverse. J.IP.9, Pr.41, B.24. Very Fine. Obverse signed FURST. F. 62.8mm. Rims 2.8 - 3.2mm thick. 1,454.0 gns. No appar- ent witness line. Lighter pale silver gray with some faint residual reflectivity. Name removed from right obverse field. Neatly holed near the top, off to the right from the guide; no loop. Minor signs of handling.

Ex Art Kagin (via Harry Forman) on March 10, 1962.

— 82 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

A Winnebago orator wearing

Monroe, Madison and Unidentified (Reverse) Indian Peace Medals

VERY RARE SMALL MONROE MEDAL Possibly the Rarest of All Sizes in Silver

119 James Monroe Indian Peace Medal, 1817. Silver. Third Size. First Reverse. J.IP.10, Pr.41, B.25. Very Good to Fine. Obverse signed FURST. F. 50.9mm. Rims 2.8 - 2.9mm thick. 847.9 gns. No apparent witness line. Light silver, once cleaned. Holed very near the top; no loop. Edge and rim bruise at left on obverse. This size is known in silver originals and copper restrikes. Although Carlson found nine auction records for a 51mm silver Monroe, the present cataloguer has not been so lucky and can- not point to one meaningful example. It is entirely likely that this is the rarest size for Monroe. The Carlson-Hartzog price suggestions for the 76mm and 51mm medals are so close to each other as to sug- gest their practical rarities are identical. Like the middle size Monroe, Mint records suggest the vast majority of this size was melted with only nine medals distributed during Monroe’s presidency. That figure may be misleading, however, but given the paucity of auction records for this size it may not be all that far off the mark.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

— 83 —

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THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

JOHN QUINCY ADAMS

1825 - 1829

Born July 11, 1767. Elected December 1, 1824. Inaugurated March 4, 1825. Died February 23, 1848.

INDIAN-U.S. RELATIONS 1825-1829

1827: Winnebago Uprising (June) as a result of criminal acts by drunken white keelboatmen at a village above Prairie du Chien. Creek peoples cede (November 15) all remaining territory in Georgia to the U.S. The Cherokee nation adopts a constitu- tion modeled after the U.S. Constitution; the action is rejected by the Georgia legisla- ture. The U.S. government decides to remove all native Americans from the Illinois over the next two years. Resistance by Black Hawk and his band fails.

1828: First printing press arrives at the headquarters of the Cherokee Council in Echota, Georgia (February 21). The first native American newspaper is printed soon thereafter.

1828-1834: “Secretary of War Peter B. Porter, sensing the lack of a system of prin- ciples and rules for the administration of Indian concerns, writes in 1828 to the two men he considers best qualified to deal with Indian affairs, Governor Cass and Super- intendent Clark. Cass and Clark respond enthusiastically and draw up a long report which outlines a comprehensive system for regulating affairs and establishing a well- organized Indian department.

In view of the removal of the Indians from the East, Cass proposes seven principles to govern relations with the Indians: (1) a solemn declaration that the land assigned to the Indians in the West would be theirs forever and that White settlement would never encroach upon it; (2) a determination to exclude all liquor from the Indians’ ter- ritories; (3) the employment of adequate military force in the vicinity of the Indians to prevent hostility between tribes; (4) encouragement of the Indians to adopt western European notions of property ownership; (5) assistance to all who needed it for open- ing farms and acquiring domestic animals and agricultural implements; (6) leaving untouched as much as possible the institutions and customs of the Indians; and (7) employment of persons to instruct the Indians.

These proposals, together with a report of commissioners sent west in 1832 to ex- amine lands for Indian settlement, form the basis for a new trade and intercourse act of June 30, 1834 which defines the Indian country as ‘all that part of the United States west of the Mississippi, and not within the states of Missouri and Louisiana, or the territory of Arkansas, and, also, that part of the United States east of the Missis- sippi river, and not within any state to which the Indian title has not been extin- guished.’ A companion bill provides for the organization of the agents and superintendents of the Indian service.”

THE INDIAN PEACE MEDALS OF THE ADAMS PRESIDENCY

Shortly after Adams’ inauguration in March, 1824 Thomas McKenney, now head of the newly founded Bureau of Indian Affairs, requested permission of the Secretary of War to have medals made bearing the portrait of the new president for presentation to Native Americans. McKenney noted that ex- pansion west was increasing the need for such medals, partic- ularly in the Oregon territory where British medals were still in evidence and in the southwest where Spanish ones would need replacing with American medals. With the Secretary’s approval following soon after, McKenney engaged Moritz Furst to make the new obverse portrait dies for the three medal sizes. Furst’s effort was approved for the middle size medal but his portraits of the president on the largest and

smallest were criticized as making Adams look fat and his nose too pointy and long.

After some prolonged discussion Furst was prevailed upon to try to “fix” his work but the final product was not well liked, the president going so far as to call Furst a “wretched Medal- list and a half-witted man.” After some further delay caused by the failure of the largest die to harden without breaking, the Mint struck and delivered ten 76mm medals on December 10, 1825. Early the following year McKenney requested 100 of each of the three sizes but the Mint did not fulfill the order. By January, 1828 some 95 large medals were delivered but only 136 of the middle and smallest sizes, combined.

— 85

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

120 John Quincy Adams Indian Peace Medal, 1825. Silver. First Size. First Reverse. J.IP.ll, Pr.42, B.26. Extremely Fine. Obverse signed F. 75.5mm. Rims 3.4 - 3.7mm thick. 2,359.1 gns. No apparent witness line. Pale silver gray with a few touches of deeper gray in the fields. Remarkable, brightly reflective semi-prooflike fields. Holed near the top; well made loop but probably a replacement. Only trivial marks. JOHN strong, QUINCY typically soft. This size is known in silver originals and matte silver, copper and aluminum restrikes. This is the commonest of the three John Quincy Adams sizes and there are many auction records of silver examples to point to.

Carlson noted nine, for example. Schenkel:4024 was a nicked VF and Dreyfuss:5127 was graded about Fine. There was a nice VF in Sotheby’s (New York) sale of December, 2000. Presidential’s sale of December, 1993 had one counterstamped ‘SK’ on the obverse. Others may be found in Bowers’ sales of January, 1995 and March, 2003 and Stack’s 2001 Americana Sale. Hanks & Associates offered a VF at $4,500 in the October 9, 1995 issue of Coin World. The Massachusetts Historical Society is said to have a large J. Q. Adams. The one in the Oklahoma Historical Society is said to have been presented to Levi Colbert. Father Prucha tells us that the largest number of John Quincy Adams medals struck were or- dered by the Indian superintendent of Michigan Territory during Lewis Cass’ governorship.

Cass was an ardent promoter of expansion of the territory through negotiations for land with Indian tribes. The opening of the Erie Canal in 1825 meant that Detroit would grow into one of the Great Lakes’ chief ports. In 1829, Cass and William Clark, Superintendent of Indian Affairs at Saint Louis, drew up regulations regarding the presentation of medals to the Indians. These included the require- ment that “The largest medals will be given to the principal village chiefs, those of the second size will be given to the principal war chiefs, and those of the third size to the less distinguished chiefs and war- riors.”

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

— 86 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

121 John Quincy Adams Indian Peace Medal, 1825. Silver. First Size. First Reverse. J.IP.ll, Pr.42, B.26. Fine to Very Fine. Obverse signed F. 75.4mm. Rims 3.6 - 3.8mm thick. 2,424.4 gns. No apparent witness line. Medium silver gray, the color essentially uniform on both sides. Holed near the top; no loop. Light handling marks, “QA” scratched at base of reverse, the medal clearly an awarded piece. Slightly bent. JOHN soft, QUINCY soft at the end, ADAMS soft. The large size Adams medal is usually soft at the lower left on the obverse, just like 1794 silver dollars.

Ex Wayte Raymond Estate.

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122 John Quincy Adams Indian Peace Medal, 1825. Silver. First Size. First Reverse. J.IP.ll, Pr.42, B.26. Extremely Fine. Obverse signed F. 75.7mm. Rims 3.5 - 3.7mm thick. 2,411.6 gns. No apparent witness line. Medium silver gray with some light iridescence. Holed near the top; no loop. Surfaces extensively tooled in the fields and on the edge. JOHN and ADAMS soft.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

87 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

123 John Quincy Adams Indian Peace Medal, 1825. Silver. Middle Size. First Reverse. J.IP.12, Pr.42, B.27. Fine to Very Fine. Obverse signed F. 62.3mm. Rims 2.8 - 3.1mm thick. 1,456.0 gns. No apparent witness line. Nice, even and deep silver gray color, a decent looking example. Holed near the top; no loop. Minor handling marks, two reverse rim bruises (one heavy). This size is known in silver originals and copper restrikes. It is the second rarest after the small medal (Carlson’s ratios of sur- vivors once again accurately reflect the true rarity situation among the three J.Q. Adams sizes). The cataloguer has records of four examples of the 62mm medal including the pedigreed piece in Presiden- tial’s July, 1993 auction. The most recently seen auction was of a Fine example sold by Sotheby’s (New York) in December, 1999. LaRiviere’s scratched EF was ex Sotheby Parke-Bernet’s sale of October, 1975.

Ex Victor F. Rose on November 13, 1968.

124 John Quincy Adams Indian Peace Medal, 1825. Silver. Third Size. First Reverse. J.IP.13, Pr.42, B.28. Choice Extremely Fine. Obverse signed F. 51.1mm. Rims 3.6 - 3.7mm thick. 1,099.7 gns. No witness line. Prooflike fields. Light silver gray in color. Specific gravity 10.46. This is one of the (probably) early 20th c. silver restrikes from the original dies, the reverse in its quite rusted state (most obvious above the crossed pipe and tomahawk). The edge is rough in places as if the flan had been cast rather than rolled. Mr. Ford bought this piece “on spec” but a restrike is a restrike. Known in silver originals and restrikes (as here) and copper restrikes, this is the rarest of the three J.Q. Adams medals. Carlson noted three auction records, but the cataloguer can locate no meaningful mod- ern one of an original medal in silver.

Ex Dr. Bridge Collection (Rich Hartzog, September 9, 1991, lot 1055).

— 88 —

ANDREW JACKSON 1829-1837

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THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

ANDREW JACKSON

1829 - 1837

Born March 15, 1767. Elected December 3, 1828. Inaugurated March 4, 1829. Died June 8, 1845.

INDIAN-U.S. RELATIONS 1829 - 1837

1829- 1849: “The United States Army had an encounter with the Comanches as early as 1829, during Major Bennett Riley’s reconnaissance of the Santa Fe Trail. Co- manche warriors, along with some Kiowa allies, attacked Riley’s wagon train and killed one soldier. Such attacks were common throughout the period, as more and more Anglo-Americans ventured into Comanche territory. The principal function of the Texas Rangers-from their formation during the Texas Revolution from Mexican rule in 1835, through the Republic of Texas period, and after American annexation in 1845 until 1875-was to contain the Comanches. In most early encounters, the Indians had the upper hand, as in 1837, when the Texas Rangers found themselves suddenly attacked by the very warriors they were pursuing and lost half their outfit.

The next year, in the Council House Affair, the Rangers managed to kill 35 of their nemeses, but not in the field. The Rangers seized as hostages a number of chiefs who had come to San Antonio to parley, in order to force the release of whites held by the Indians. After the resulting fight and Comanche loss of life, warriors swept down from their homeland north of the Red River along the Guadalupe Valley, all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, under Chief Buffalo Hump. Linnville was attacked and two dozen set- tlers who didn’t reach their boats in time were killed; Victoria was burned. The Rangers ambushed the Indians on their return northward at Plum Creek, near Lock- hart, and managed to kill some more warriors, but their breaking the truce at the Council House had proven much more costly to whites than Indians.

The tide began to turn somewhat after 1840, when John Coffee Hays joined the Texas Rangers. He not only improved discipline and morale, but also armed his men with Walker Colt six-shooters instead of single-shot guns. During the Battle of Ban- dera Pass in 1841, the Indians came up against the ‘new Rangers’ and were repelled. But the contest between the Indians and whites was still basically a standoff, although more white settlers were arriving all the time. In 1848, Texas officials defined a boundary between the two groups, with Texas Rangers ordered to apprehend tres- passers from both sides, but to no effect. Both groups violated the line. Army regulars moved in to help prevent Indian raids and, from 1849 to 1852, erected a chain of seven forts, from the Red River to the Rio Grande.”

1830: By the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek the Choctaw nation surrenders its land in Mississippi in exchange for land west of Arkansas.

1830- 39: The Indian Removal Act is passed by Congress in 1830 (May 28). Indians living east of the Mississippi River are to move to the Oklahoma Territory and land west of the river in return for a money payment. The Cherokee nation sues the gov- ernment to quash the act and wins its case before the U.S. Supreme Court in 1832. President Jackson ignores the Court and over the next seven years the “Five Civilized Tribes” of the southeast (Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole) are forcibly relocated. The Cherokee walk their Trail of Tears 1838-1839.

1831- 42: Sauk, Chicaksaw, Choctaw, and Creek nations cede their lands east of the Mississippi and under varying condition relocate west. The Sauk return to their old lands and in 1832 the Black Hawk War begins, ending in a massacre by whites at Bad Axe (Wisconsin). White impatience at the pace of relocation leads to Creek resistance in the Creek War (1836). Seminole resistance to land cessions leads to war in Florida with federal troops (Second Seminole War 1835-42) and the near extinction of the Seminole people. War leader Osceola is taken prisoner in 1837 while negotiating under a flag of truce and dies in prison the following year.

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THE JOHN J. FORD. Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

THE INDIAN PEACE MEDALS OF THE JACKSON PRESIDENCY

Immediately following Andrew Jackson’s inauguration in March, 1829 Thomas McKenney, who continued as head of the Bureau of Indian Affairs, wrote to the newly appointed Secretary of War requesting permission to engage Moritz Furst to design and engrave the new portrait die for the In- dian medal. McKenney asked for 100 of each of the three sizes, as he had for the Adams and Monroe medals previ- ously. Secretary Eaton did not reply to McKenney’s letter, nor to the one that followed it in December, 1829. When McKenney was removed as chief of bureau in the fall of 1830 still nothing had been done about new medals for Indians. A new head of the bureau undertook to pursue the matter of the medals and enlisted Furst and the Mint to undertake the

tasks of engraving the dies and striking the medals. By June, 1831 the dies had been finished and sent to the Mint but it was not until February of the following year that the first medals intended for distribution were shipped by the Mint.

When the original order was finally finished, in the middle of March, 1832, three years had passed since McKenney first urged haste in the business. Mintage figures show 87 of the largest size medals struck, 58 of the second size, and 71 of the smallest plus another 26 medals whose sizes were not specified in the Mint records. All Jackson medals are quite rare and while more of the 76mm size were struck than the others, all three sizes seem about equally rare today.

125 Andrew Jackson Indian Peace Medal, 1829. Silver. First Size. First Reverse. J.IP.14, Pr.43, B.29. About Uncirculated. Obverse signed FURST F. 75.8mm. Rims 4.5 - 4.6mm thick. 2,880.4 gns. An outstanding example and a somewhat anomalous one given its remarkable weight and thickness. Die states as the other two offered here. Medium silver gray in color with patches of lighter gray and some iridescent blue and rose toning. The fields on both sides are brightly reflective and semi-prooflike. Not holed. Minor handling marks, light obverse hairlines. This size is known in silver originals and matte silver and copper restrikes. The finest seen example, a Choice AU remainder piece with prooflike surfaces, was sold in Sotheby’s (New York) Zabriskie sale in June, 1999. The Ford specimens are close runners up to that piece’s quality. As testament to the rarity of this size the cataloguer notes that it was missing from both the Garrett and Schenkel sales. Dreyfuss’ was graded VF.

Carlson’s research yielded only 11 auction records for a silver 76mm Jackson, a figure that undoubt- edly includes duplicate appearances of the same medal. A matte silver 76mm Jackson in Kirtley’s List 123 (November, 1995, lot 2370) shows that the size was restruck in the 20th c. for a collector. There is one in the Heye Foundation attached to some lovely beadwork. The heavy weight and unusual thick- ness of this piece are suggestive of a different batch of planchets and thus a different time of striking than the two First Size medals to come next. The cataloguer knows of no other heavyweights like this. In the absence of others it would be unwise to think of this as a restrike.

Ex Wayte Raymond Estate.

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*

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

126 Andrew Jackson Indian Peace Medal, 1829. Silver. First Size. First Reverse. J.IP.14, Pr.43, B.29. About Uncirculated. Obverse signed FURST F. 75.6mm. Rims 3.6 - 3.9mm thick. 2,329.6 gns. Another exceptional large size Jackson medal. Deep silver gray on the front, a little lighter on the back, both sides nicely toned with iridescent blue and rose over brightly reflective, semi-prooflike surfaces. Neatly holed; bent replacement loop. Some noticeable reverse rim tics and shallow bruises, other more minor handling marks.

Ex F. C. C. Boyd Estate.

A VERY RARE MIDDLE SIZE JACKSON MEDAL

Lot No. 128

127 Andrew Jackson Indian Peace Medal, 1829. Silver. First Size. First Reverse. J.IP.14, Pr.43, B.29. About Uncirculated. Obverse signed FURST F. 75.5mm. Rims 3.5 - 3.6mm thick. 2,247.9 gns. Medium silver gray in color on both sides. Large hole; no loop. Clearly a presented medal with the sorts and types of handling marks expected from such a one.

Ex J. Douglas Ferguson at the CNA Convention (Montreal) on August 12, 1965.

128 Andrew Jackson Indian Peace Medal, 1829. Silver. Middle Size. First Reverse. J.IP.15, Pr.43, B.30. Choice Extremely Fine. Obverse signed FURST F. 62.3mm. Rims 3.0 - 3.2mm thick. 1,444.7 gns. Medium silver gray in color with a touch of pale iridescent blue. Both sides are brightly re- flective and semi-prooflike. Neatly holed; replacement loop. Once cleaned. Some rim nicks both sides, other hght handling marks. This size is known in silver originals and copper restrikes. It is very rare with only two recent auction records for a 62mm silver Jackson (Stack’s and Presidential’s sales of De- cember, 1993, the former re-appearing in Linett’s March, 1997 auction as lot 180).

Carlson’s research yielded only 3 auction records for a silver 62mm Jackson. There is one example in the ANS Collection (the Prucha plate piece) but the Museum of the American Indian has only the more common 76mm size. The Dreyfuss (1986), Kessler-Spangenberger (1981), and Hunter (1920) sales also contained only the 76mm medal in silver. Jackson in silver was missing altogether from the Henry Holland (1878), Mickley (1878), Bushnell (1882), Parsons (1914), and Schenkel (1990) sales. This size may not have been restruck in silver.

Ex New Netherlands Coin Company’s 34th Sale (October 5, 1951, lot 486); J. Douglas Ferguson at the CNA Convention (Montreal) on August 12, 1965.

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THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

129 Andrew Jackson Indian Peace Medal, 1829. Silver. Third Size. First Reverse. J.IP.16, Pr.43, B.31. Impaired Proof. Obverse signed FURST F. 50.8mm. Rims 3.0 - 3.1mm thick. 854.6 gns. An ex- ceptional specimen, Mr. Ford thought this might have been one of the three Proofs delivered to Jack- son in late November, 1831. Fairly even medium silver gray in color in the centers, slightly darker around the rims with iridescent blue there. Both sides are brightly reflective and prooflike. Neatly holed; original loop. Serious reverse rim bruise at left; lightly hairlined. Once cleaned. Patches of rust on the reverse below PEACE. This size is known in silver originals and copper restrikes.

Carlson’s research yielded only four auction records for a silver 51mm Jackson. Garrett’s (lot 1921) reappeared in Stack’s sale of October, 1988 (lot 254). Another appeared in the August, 1997 Maine An- tique Digest offering by Stack’s. The ANS has one engraved on the back BEAR SHIELD. In April, 1990 the cataloguer was shown an impression of the Jackson portrait for the 51mm medal on a square lead planchet with bevelled edges. It was not a die or hub trial. In the legend, the first ‘O’ and first ‘T’ showed recutting. The origin and purpose of that piece remain obscure.

Ex Gale Hawkes on November 5, 1975.

130 Andrew Jackson Indian Peace Medal, 1829. Silver. Third Size. First Reverse. J.IP.16, Pr.43, B.31. Extremely Fine. Obverse signed FURST F. 51.0mm. Rims 2.8 - 2.9mm thick. 796.3 gns. Medium silver gray on the obverse, lighter gray on the back, both sides dull in appearance. Neatly holed at the top; no loop. Light abrasions in the right obverse field. Minor rim impairments. No reverse rust under PEACE.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

131 Andrew Jackson Indian Peace Medal, 1829. Silver. Third Size. First Reverse. J.IP.16, Pr.43, B.31. Extremely Fine. Obverse signed FURST F. 50.8mm. Rims 2.8 - 2.9mm thick. 841.9 gns. Light silver gray on both sides with iridescent blue and russet around the rims. Both sides are lightly reflec- tive. Holed and plugged. Shallow obverse rim bruise. No rust on the reverse under PEACE.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

Wapella, Chief of the Fox, wearing a Jackson Indian Peace Medal

— 95 —

MARTIN VAN BUREN 1837-1841

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

MARTIN VAN BUREN

1837 - 1841

Born December 5, 1782. Elected December 7, 1836. Inaugurated March 4, 1837. Died July 24, 1862.

INDLAN-U.S. RELATIONS 1837 - 1841

1840: Approximately 40,000 Indians from the “Five Civilized Tribes” are now reset- tled in Indiana Territory. Most are organized into self-governing republics modeled after the federal government each with its own constitution and legal system.

THE INDIAN PEACE MEDALS OF THE VAN BUREN PRESIDENCY

Benefitting from the experience of the delays incurred in striking the Jackson medals, the Bureau Of Indian Affairs, the Secretary of War, and the Mint all cooperated in making the production of the Van Buren medals a model of speed and efficiency. From the initial order in April, 1837 to the deliv- ery of the first medals on September 20 only five months elapsed. By the end of the following month the entire order had been struck. Once again, Moritz Furst did the presiden-

tial portrait and engraved the dies. Mintage figures show 56 of the largest size, 100 of the second, and 100 of the small- est size Van Buren medals were struck by October 31, 1837. The following year a further fifty 76mm medals were made and early in 1839 another twelve 62mm and nine 51mm medals were struck. Totals for Van Buren, then, were 106 of the 76mm size, 112 of the 62mm, and 109 of the smallest 51mm size.

132 Martin Van Buren Indian Peace Medal, 1837. Silver. First Size. First Reverse. J.IP.17, Pr.44, B.32. Extremely Fine. Obverse signed FURST F. 75.6mm. Rims 3.3 - 3.7mm thick. 2,269.7 gns. A nice example. Pale silver gray in the fields with light russet toning around the rims. Brightly re- flective semi-prooflike fields. Holed near the top; no loop. Minor handling marks, nick in the upper left obverse field, reverse field abraded at bottom. This size is known in silver originals and copper and alu- minum restrikes. The largest size Van Buren may be marginally rarer than the other two but it should be said that of all the presidents in silver Van Buren is one of the easiest to obtain and in nice condi- tion too. Garrett’s was a nice Extremely Fine. There was an AU in Stack’s March, 2000 auction. The Dreyfuss specimen, on the other hand, was a fairly ugly tooled Fine.

Carlson’s research yielded 10 auction records for a silver 76mm Van Buren. This size does not seem to have been restruck in silver. The aluminum piece may be seen in Stack’s 2000 Americana auction.

Ex Jim Cope on December 10, 1979.

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THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

133 Martin Van Buren Indian Peace Medal, 1837. Silver. First Size. First Reverse. J.IP.17, Pr.44, B.32. Nearly Extremely Fine. Obverse signed FURST F. 75.6mm. Rims 3.3 - 3.6mm thick. 2,297.7 gns. Much deeper gray than the first, the color uniform on both sides with some pale rose iri- descxence. Holed near the top; replacement loop. Scuffs, abrasions, scratches and other handling marks on both sides, the medal has the appearance of an awarded piece.

Ex Wayte Raymond Estate.

134 Martin Van Buren Indian Peace Medal, 1837. Silver. Middle Size. First Reverse. J.IP.18, Pr.44, B.33. Very Fine to Extremely Fine. Obverse signed FURST F. 62.3mm. Rims 3.0 - 3.2mm thick. 1,446.8 gns. A nice looking specimen with medium silver gray color accented by russet and pale blue around the obverse rim. Lighter silver gray on the back. Holed near the top; plain round loop. Minor handling marks only. This size is known in silver originals and copper restrikes. The cataloguer has records of four silver 62mm Van Burens including the Bridge Collection piece that was certified genuine and original by ANAAB in 1991. Dreyfuss’ was a nice EF and LaRiviere’s (ex NN April, 1972) was a good VF. The piece in Presidential’s sale of November, 1999 had changed hands four times over the previous two years. Carlson’s research yielded 12 auction records for a silver 62mm Van Buren.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

-98 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

135 Martin Van Buren Indian Peace Medal, 1837. Silver. Third Size. First Reverse. J.IP.19, Pr.44, B.34. Extremely Fine. Obverse signed FURST F. 50.9mm. Rims 2.6 - 2.7mm thick. 794.7 gns. An attractive, fairly high grade example of this size. Deep silver gray color on both sides. Holed at the top; plain round loop. Minor handling marks only. This size is known in silver originals and copper re- strikes. It may be the commonest of all the Van Buren sizes. The cataloguer has 10 auction records over the past 21 years including Kosoff s and Dreyfuss’. Carlson’s research yielded only 5 auction records for a silver 51mm Van Buren, however. Most of the smallest Van Burens seem to come in heav- ily worn condition, suggesting they are the survivors of awarded medals and not remainders left over after 1841.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON

1841

Born February 9, 1773. Elected December 2, 1840.

Inaugurated March 4, 1841. Died April 4, 1841.

INDIAN-U.S. RELATIONS 1841

1841: President Harrison was in office for just one month. Descriptions of events dur- ing his short presidency may be found under the preceding and following presidencies.

THE INDIAN PEACE MEDALS OF THE HARRISON PRESIDENCY

There is no known silver Indian Peace medal bearing Pres- ident Harrison’s portrait and none is known to have been made. In fact, Mint Director Patterson’s request that the Secretary of War consider having one made to help complete the series was ignored by Secretary Spenser in 1841. Julian’s listing that follows is the unique copper mule in the ANS of a first reverse Indian Peace medal die with a die made by hub- bing the Harrison portrait from his military medal (Julian MI. 14) into a die with a presidential legend. Julian implies

the piece is struck. Carlson’s records show two appearances of copper plated lead casts of this muling. Whatever the true nature of the William Henry Harrison medal, it is not known in silver, was never authorized by the Secretary of War, and is not part of the regular Indian Peace medal series. Julian IP.20, Prucha-unlisted, Belden-unlisted. 52mm. Unique and known today only in copper in the ANS Collection. It should be de-listed.

— 99 —

^ 1 **	ju

JOHN TYLER

1841 - 1845

Born March 29, 1790. Elected vice president December 2, 1840. Succeeded April 4, 1841. Died January 18, 1862.

IND1AN-U.S. RELATIONS 1841 - 1845

1844: The first issues of the newspaper homa. Federal troops confiscate the press.

THE INDIAN PEACE MEDALS

In a breach of earlier precedent the Mint opened discus- sions about the new president’s Indian medals directly with the Secretary of War late in 1841. Mint Director Robert M. Patterson received authorization to proceed in October of that year. Patterson decided to initiate a new way of making the dies for the medals, and rather than employing an artist like Furst to cut dies, to make a single wax or plaster portrait model and by using a reduction machine take dies off it in whatever size might be wanted. The cost savings were con- siderable and the identity of the design from one size medal to another appealed to the mid-century love of order and uni- formity.

By the summer of the following year Congress had passed an appropriation for the Tyler medals, but the legislative ac-

Cherokee Advocate are published in Okla-

OF THE TYLER PRESIDENCY

tion seems to have woken up the Bureau of Indian Affairs which, noting its circumvention, decided to enter the process at this point. Chief of bureau T. Hartley Crawford wrote in pique to Director Patterson, reminding him of his bureau’s traditional role in making Indian medals. Patterson seems to have taken offense, for despite having received the appropri- ated money by November, the Mint still had not struck any of the new medals. Crawford demanded action and Patterson got over his injury quite rapidly as a result. In December the first of the Tyler medals was delivered to the Secretary of War, some 100 of the smallest size. By the middle of January, 1843 the entire order had been struck: 60 of the 76mm size and 100 each of the 62mm and 51mm sizes. However, two of every five Tyler medals struck were never distributed, but were melted in 1846.

136 John Tyler Indian Peace Medal, 1841. Silver. First Size. First Reverse. J.IP.21, Pr.45, B.35. Fine. 75.5mm. Rims 4.2 - 4.5mm thick. 2,504.6 gns. Medium silver gray on both sides, the color nearly uniform. Holed at the top; no loop. Obverse engraved in left and right fields in a fairly neat script hand TECUMSEH-JONES CHIEF OTTAWA KANS. INDIAN TRIBE 1866. This size is known in silver origi- nals and matte silver, copper and aluminum restrikes. All Tyler medals me rare. There was a first size VF medal in Bowers’ sale of September, 1986 and the 1990 Schenkel sale specimen was VF. An original in this size was missing from both the Garrett and Dreyfuss collections. The 76mm size was restruck in matte silver in the 1940’s for Ed Rice.

Carlson’s research yielded only 5 auction records for a silver 76mm Tyler. The aluminum specimen was in Stack’s 2000 Americana auction. The inscription on this piece is probably spurious. John Tauy “Tecumseh” Jones (1800-1879) was part Chippewa and part white. He worked as both interpreter and a Baptist minister at the trading post at the site of what later became Ottawa City. In 1841 he was just starting his career, not becoming prominent until after 1855 and the death of Jotham Meeker, minister to the Ottawa. Prior to the Civil War Jones worked with abolitionist John Brown. Jones is buried in the Ottawa Cemetery in Franklin County, Kansas.

Ex lot 763 (plated) of Charles H. Fisher’s sale of March 14, 1936 held at 922 Guardian Building in Cleveland, Ohio, F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

101 —

137 John Tyler Indian Peace Medal, 1841. Silver. Middle Size. First Reverse. J.IP.22, Pr.45, B.36. About Uncirculated. 62.3mm. Rims 3.6 - 3.8mm thick. 1,539.2 gns. A lovely specimen. Both sides are a nice, medium silver gray in color. There are faint traces of iridescent toning around some of the protected areas. The fields are brightly reflective. Neatly holed at the top; plain round loop. Minor handling marks, shallow obverse rim bruise at left only. This size is known in silver originals and copper restrikes. Garrett’s (lot 1923) was called a proof and was undoubtedly a remainder. It later appeared in Stack’s sale of October, 1988. The Dreyfuss specimen (ex Kessler-Spangenberger lot 1609) was VF and had been suspended from an engraved Southern Cross style hanger. Carlson’s research yielded only 7 auction records for a silver 62mm Tyler. This size may not have been restruck in silver.

Ex F.C.C. Boyd Estate.

VERY RARE SMALL SIZE TYLER MEDAL

138 John Tyler Indian Peace Medal, 1841. Silver. Third Size. First Reverse. J.IP.23, Pr.45, B.37. Extremely Fine. 50.7mm. Rims 3.3 - 3.5mm thick. 931.8 gns. A high grade example of this very rare size. The obverse and reverse are both pale silver gray in color. There is still some residual reflectivity in the fields. Neatly holed at the top; plain round loop, broken and crushed. This style loop, seen also on the Van Burens, may be the original type issued with the medal. Minor handling marks, noticeable reverse rim bruise at lower right. This size is known in silver originals and restrikes and copper re- strikes. This may be the rarest of the three Tyler sizes.

The cataloguer knows of only two somewhat recent auction records of a silver 51mm Tyler medal, the 1933 Senter Sale piece that is now in the ANS and the Presidential 54th to Stack’s 2003 Americana sale specimen. There was none in the Garrett, Dreyfuss, Kessler-Spangenberger, Schenkel, or LaRiv- iere sales. Carlson’s research yielded only three auction records for a silver 51mm Tyler. The Bridge Collection example (lot 1059) was described by J.P. Martin of ANAAB as “While staff feels | this is] most probably genuine, consultants have suggested caution in certifying these as they would create an undocumented precedent. More research would be required to certify them.” That work still has not been started.

Ex Wayte Raymond Estate.

— 102 —

THE JOHN J. FORD, Jr. COLLECTION: Indian Peace Medals

JAMES POLK

1845 - 1849

Born November 2, 1795. Elected December 4, 1844.

Inaugurated March 4, 1845. Died June 15, 1849.

INDIAN-U.S. RELATIONS 1845 - 1849

1846- 1859: “As an independent republic from 1836 to 1845, Texas had developed its own Indian policy. During his first administration, President Sam Houston inaugurated a policy of peace, friendship, and commerce, with provisions as needed for protection of the frontier against Indians who remained hostile. But depredations did not decrease, as settlers pressed upon the Indian lands, and Houston’s successor, Mirabeau B. Lamar, declared the policy of pacification a total failure and began an aggressive pro- gram that sought the expulsion or extermination of the Indians. The result was almost continual warfare in which the Indians were removed or pushed back before the ad- vancing Whites. When Houston returned to the presidency at the end of 1841, he rein- stituted his pacific policy. Peace treaties were signed with the Indians and new trade relations established; his successor, Anson Jones, followed the same plan. Protective measures were still necessary against hostile tribes, but disturbances on the frontier were lessened and the cost of Indian defense greatly reduced.

With the annexation of Texas, the Indian problems of Texas became the responsibil- ity of the federal government. In a treaty with the important tribes at Council Springs signed on May 15, 1846, the Indians placed themselves under the protection