NI Bulletin A Publication of Numismatics International Inc. Volume 51 Nos. 9 /10 NUMISMATICS INTERNATIONAL FOUNDED 1964 September / October 2016 $4.00 Board of Governors Chairman & Past-President: President: Vice President: Secretary: Treasurer: Director at Large: James Terry Carl Young Peter Goldman Christopher Carson Don Douglas John Stich All past Presidents are members of the Board of Governors. Appointed Staff NI Bulletin Editor Emeritus: Marvin L. Fraley Editor: Herman Blanton P.O. Box 247 Mount Vernon, OH 43050 e-mail: hblanton@yahoo.com Article Editor: Alan Luedeking Index Editor: Christopher D. Carson Librarian, NI Library David Gracey PO Box 570842 Dallas, TX 75357-0842 librarian@numis. org Curator, NI Reference Collection Carl Young Membership Chairman John Christian P.O. Box 570842 Dallas, TX 75357-0842 membership@numis. org Auction Manager, NI Bid Sales Carl Young P.O. 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Membership Fees: Full Membership (Paper and Digital) $30 per year. Digital Only Membership $15 per year. Life Time Membership, $300.00 one-time payment. Membership fees are payable by mail: Numismatics International, P.O. BOX 570842, Dallas, TX 75357- 0842 or via PayPal at: membership@numis.org. ISSN: 0197-3088 Copyright 2016 Numismatics International, P.O. Box 570842, Dallas, TX USA 75357-0842 September/October 2016 NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 Numismatics International Bulletin Volume 51 September / October 2016 Numbers 9/10 Paul Oostervink A Medal of Overijssel Commemorating What? .130 In Memorium: Richard Stuart.148 Democracy, Lex Maria de Suffragiis .149 Forum Ancient Coins Die Alignment 101 .150 Learning can be a lifetime adventure and for me it certainly has been. All three articles in this edition brought me to new understanding and enhanced appreciation of numismatics. For example, coin die alignment is studied for various reasons including the evaluation of authenticity. Over the years I’ve seen multiple ways of representing alignment in the numismatic press but the method explained in the article “Die Alignment 101” seems to be growing in popularity and I think it is a useful method. The article “Democracy, Lex Maria de Suffragiis ” reminds us that voting is an important responsibility but this function and purpose is susceptible to corrupt influences. The subject coin in the article well illustrates the potential of problems. I enjoyed this little one pager and hope you do too. Our lead article comes from member Paul Oostervink and once again he has done a marvelous job with Dutch medals; thanks to Robert Ronus for translation assistance. As I write this letter we are 2/3 the way through summer and the auction calendar is building for the autumn auction season. Curious about the numismatic market I did a simple analysis on the number of auctions posted on the auction site Sixbid. For January through July 2016 I found 420 auctions and for the same period in 2015 there were 407. The 2016 number has at least 8 auctions from businesses not listed in 2015 making the comparison 2016/412 vs 2015/407 which is roughly a 1% increase for 2016. Based on this simple analysis the market is about unchanged year over year. Of course one simple metric does not tell the story. Regardless of the auction calendar I hope that your interest in numismatics is vibrant. We need more writers so please consider us when publishing your own work and refer us to others bearing in mind that the bulletin has global reach in both print and electronic format. Contact information is on the inside front cover. This edition is shortened to 24 pages in order to bundle with the current NI bid auction. The 92nd NI Bid Auction is also online at our website http://numis.ors with the closing date of October 17, 2016. 129 NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 _ September/October 2016 A Medal of Overijssel Commemorating What? Paul Oostervink, NI #2787 Copyright 2016, Paul Oostervink Translated by Robert Ronus, NI #LM139 The Netherlands Triumph Medal ( Triumfpenning ) The Netherlands have produced a large number of medals and jetons relating to events of historical significance. They are quite different to portrait medals and they give an overview of political and military events which took place at the time. The oldest medals concern political events and military operations in the Eighty Years’ War (1568-1648), the long Dutch struggle for independence from Spain. Some of these medals were struck by order of the States-General and given as a reward for important services to the Fatherland. The first issues date from 1567, the year after the first acts of rebellion. They are typically large heavy silver medals—in diameter varying from 30 to 60 mm—struck in a low, almost flat relief. This period ultimately led to the separation between the Northern (today’s Netherlands) and the Southern (today’s Belgium) Low Countries. This separation was also reflected in the field of culture. While the South maintained its aristocratic court culture, the North increasingly developed a “democratic” bourgeois civilization. The historical events featured on these medals are frequently battles, the capture of a city or a peace treaty. Some triumfpenningen were derived from prints and maps showing cities and sieges seen from above. A good example is the medal struck to celebrate the victory at Tumhout (Figure 8), with war trophies and a landscape from above with the cities participating in the revolt. Another triumph medal celebrates the liberation ofTwentein 1597 (Figure ll)Onthe other hand, the diet medal ofOverijssel (Figure 21) is simply a commemorative medal. Who made these triumfpenningen! Most of them bear the mintmark of a provincial or city mint or the sign of a mint master, sometimes his initials. The coins and medals of the State of Holland normally bear the rosette mintmark of Dordrecht but no mintmaster’s mark. The same was true for the mints of Zeeland, Friesland and Utrecht (up to 1644). On the other hand, the coins and medals of Gelderland, West-Friesland and Overijssel, and the cities of Nijmegen, Zutphen, Deventer, Kampen, Zwolle and Groningen bear the mintmaster’s mintmark, sometimes combined with the sign of the mint. The die-cutters of the Dordrecht mint in this period are known to us from the archives. The medals and jetons struck at the mints of the Northern Low Countries—called triumfpenningen in the 17th century—can be seen as a typical Dutch creation, an expression of the Dutch culture developed since the rebellion against Spain. We will describe in detail some of the most notable struck in 1597 using the descriptions of van Loon. Mr. Gerard van Loon (1683-1758) Gerard van Loon was rich enough not to have to work and he devoted his life to the study of numismatics and the history of the Low Countries. Between 1723 and 1731 he published a four volume book with the title Beschryving der Nederlandsche historiepenningen (Description of Dutch Historical Medals). This is still a standard work on Dutch medals. The four parts contain the images and descriptions of 130 NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 September/October 2016 approximately 3000 medals and tokens, interwoven with a history of the period from 1555 to 1716. In the medal below the sacrificial ox and the altar with a thanksgiving fire refer to the completion of the project, as do the book and the two boxing gloves. Figure 1 Mr. Gerard van Loon (n 1683 Delft - f 1758 Leiden) Silver: 58.34 g, diameter 55 mm. Photo: Munthandel Verschoor, Rijen Ref. V. Loon II Obverse: Bust of Gerard van Loon with inscription “GERARD : A. LOON. NUMMOGRAPH : PHIL : & I.V.D. ( Gerard van Loon, describer of medals, master ofphilosophy and doctor of both (civil & canon ) law). Under bust “M. HOLTZHEY” (Martinus Holtzhey Senior) FEC[it], Reverse: On a pedestal an altar with garlands, on which a fire is lit, with the sacrificial ox behind; below an open book and a few combat gloves with inscription “HIC COESTUS ARTEMQUE REPONO ( Here I lay down my boxing-glove and my knowledge). In the trim “III NUM : M : ILLUST : ( Three thousand medals explained) MDCCXXXI. (1731). The year 1597 In the struggle of the Dutch Republic against Spain during the Dutch Revolt or the Eighty Years’ War (1568-1648), the year 1597 would start well. 131 NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 September/October 2016 IP lnterenlectue ex omnijentc colcrtes .MAUHVJ'11'S leqitj>ediiurrie]. cquttuTTiq, cohortrs , lomtALKEJC.’VS.qiteistem/strUrbcs. sltifc hoJI'emmJequiturJu^untem,ami'!S.'^laeefiit • Figure 2 Battle of Turnhout by January 24, 1597 1 Photo: Rijks Museum, Amsterdam. Inv.-Nr. RP-P-OB-80.323 On January 24,1597 a battle took place at Turnhout, near Antwerp in modem Belgium, between the Dutch States Army under Prince Maurice of Orange-Nassau and a Royal Spanish army of approximately 5000 men commanded by Claude de Rye, count of Varax. The Dutch States army was victorious. On August 1, 1597 Prince Maurice left the Hague to start his campaign in the east of the republic. During his second campaign in the east from August 11 to November 12, 1597 he invaded with a large army, which consisted of 1420 cavalry and 6000 men on foot, and captured several cities including Twente (Province of Overijssel). 132 September/October 2016 NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 1597 oEmden Harlingei Stavorei Idenzaal ischede Munstero •oBocholt Hamm o Rheinberg Geldernc- Eindhoven* oNeuss Roermontfc- oKeulen Guliko Koblenz | Republiek j Veroverd door prins Maurits " voor de Republiek Spaans gebied -Veldtocht Den B Nieuwpoorto Duinkerkeo en^^u i Middel Vlissingel ^ Turnhdfc Sluiso Hulsto iggeo Antwerpeno fjW Uerc> W Ge 010 Mecheleno y ? Aalstc- kP® 1 * Kortrijk> Oudenaardeo Bmssek> Leuverr> v N \felentijrK> HaUeo Nijvet:- Bergenf> Maastricht;- Aachen <> Luiko Spao Arechto ■o Amiens Kamerijlo Bastogne..- Luxemburg* Soissonso Reimso (Figure 3) Turnhout and the campaign in 1597 https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurits%27_veldtocht_van_1597 The following other cities were taken during the campaign: Alphen, then Rijnberk (August 20), Meurs (September 3), Groenlo (September 28), Bredevoort (October 9), Enschede (October 19), Ootmarsum (October 21) and Oldenzaal (October 23). The campaign ended on November 12, 1597 in Lingen, after which the troops could retreat to their winter quarters. 133 NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 September/October 2016 The States-General decided to celebrate the victory at Tumhout with a triumph medal struck at the mint of the province of Holland in Dordrecht by diecutter Gerard van Bylaer. The obverse has a view of the city of Tumhout with embattled soldiers in the foreground. On the reverse there is a 4-line text in a medallion in a pearl (beaded) border surrounded by 9 small cityscapes of the conquered cities. Figure 4 Victory at Turnhout by Prince Maurice -1597 Silver triumph medal: 46.0 g, diameter 51.3 mm. Photo: Rijks Museum, Amsterdam. Inv.-Nr. NG-VG-1-510 Ref. v. Loon I, p. 494-1, nr. I Obverse inscription: [rosette] A • D [omi] NO • FACTVM • EST • ISTVD • ET • EST • MIRABILE • IN • OCVLIS • NOSTRIS • (This is done by the Lord, and it is marvellous in our eyes). Inscription in exergue: VICTORIA / TVRNOTANA / • IANV[uario] 1597 (Victory / Turnhout / January 1597). Reverse inscription: [rosette] ALPEN • BERC • MEVRS • GROL • BREEVORT • ENSCH [ede] • OLD [zeel] • OT [marze] • LINGEN. Reverse inscription center circle: VICTORIA • PARTA • SPATIO • TRIMESTRI • 1597 (Victory in the time of three months. 1597). Reverse inscription inner circle: VENIT / VIDIT / DEVS / VICIT (He came, He saw, God has conquered). The diecutter Gerard van Bylaer combined the sides of different medals to create a variety of medals on the battle of Turnhout. A variant on the previous medal commissioned by the States-General has the same obverse but on the reverse a 9-line inscription in Latin. 134 September/October 2016 _ NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 Figure 5 Victory at Turnhout by prince Maurice -1597 Silver triumph medal: 62.0 g, diameter 51.3 mm Laurens Schulman BV Auction 8 lot 1480 Photo: Taxandria Museum, Turnhout Ref. v. Loon I, n.n. This is a very interesting die. This particular combination of obverse and reverse is not in van Loon and the weight is significantly greater (62 g instead of 46 g). According to Schulman, this medal has only once appeared in the market. Reverse inscription: SIGNIS / AD • TVRHOVT[um] / NOVEM ET TRINGINTA / POST [ea] OPPIDIS TRANS / RHENVM TRIBVS • / CIS SEX HISPANO / TRIMESTRI EREPTIS CIO 13 XCVII / S • C • (Senatus Consulta, Approved by Council decision). (Thirty nine battle standards at Turnhout, then three cities on the other side of the Rhine and on this side six cities seized from the Spaniard in three months 1597. On decision of the Council .) There is also a jeton to celebrate the victory struck again at the Holland mint in Dordrecht in silver, bronze and copper. • VICTORIA/TVRNOTANA • / IANV • 1597 • appears as the obverse legend, not in an exergue. Figure 6 Victory at Turnhout by Prince Maurice-1597 Silver jeton: 29.1 mm Photo: Teylers Museum, Haarlem. Inv.-Nr. TMNK 04571 Ref. V. Loon I, p. 490 135 NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 September/October 2016 Obverse inscription jeton: [rosette] • VICTORIA • TVRNOTANA • IANVARII •1597* (Victory / Turnhout / January 1597). Reverse inscription jeton: [rosette] • A • DOMINO • FACTVM • EST • ISTVD • (This is done by Lord). On the obverse are the troops of Maurice, hunting and chasing the troops of Varax. For the reverse van Bylaer used the obverse die from the triumph medal on the Triple Covenant (Triple Alliance) of 1596, (see image below) with the coats of arms of France, England and the Republic of the Seven United Provinces of the Netherlands tied together by a ribbon. However, the arms of France and England have been moved and for the United Netherlands the sheaf has been changed to a Dutch lion with a bundle of seven arrows in his left claw. Figure 7 Triple Alliance between France, England and the Netherlands-1596 Silver triumph medal: 46.491 g, diameter 52.0 mm. Photo: Teylers Museum, Haarlem. Inv.-Nr. TMNK 00311 Ref. v. Loon I, p. 481 Obverse inscription medal: [rosette] RVMPITVR x HAVD x FACILE x (It is not easily broken). Reverse inscription medal: x [rosette] x NEXOS x FAVORE x NVMINIS x QVIS x DISSOLVES: (Who will separate those united by God’s grace). The successful campaign after Turnhout prompted the States-General to strike another triumph medal in the Holland Mint in Dordrecht in 1599. It was designed by Christiaan Huygens Sr. and the die was again cut by Gerard van Bylaer. The obverse shows battle trophies on a spear with in the background an overview of the conquered cities with their names, with the river Rhine on the right. On the reverse there is a 9-line inscription in Latin. The triumph medal and a similar token both carry the mongram S.C. (Senatus Consulto / approved by council decision). 136 September/October 2016 _ NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 Figure 8 Victory at Turnhout by prince Maurice -1597 Silver triumph medal: 45.77 g, diameter 51.6 mm. Photo: Teylers Museum, Haarlem. Inv.-Nr. TMNK 00319 Ref. v. Loon I, p. 497-3, nr. XI Figure 9 Victory at Turnhout by prince Maurice -1597 Silver jeton: diameter 29.1 mm Photo Teylers: Museum, Haarlem. Inv.-Nr. TMNK 04575 Ref. v. Loon I, p. 497-4, nr. XII Obverse inscription medal & jeton: DEO OPT [imo] • MAX [imo] • {To the very good and greatest God) RHENVS FLV / AMASIS FLV / MOSA FLV / LINGEN / OTMARSVM / MOERS / ENSCHEDE / BREFORT / BERCK / TVRNHOVT. Reverse 9 line inscription: SIGNIS / AD TVRNHOVT[vm] / NOVEM ET TRIGINTA / POST[ea] OPPIDIS TRANS / RHENVM • TRIBVS* / CIS SEX HISPANO / TRIMESTRI EREPTIS / CIO ID XCVII / S • C • {Thirty nine battle standards at Turnhout, then three cities on the other side of the Rhine and on this side six cities seized from the Spaniard in three months 1597. On decision of the Council). Following the example of the States-General, the county of Zutphen (province of Gelderland) struck a commemorative medal on the invasion and conquest of Grolla (Groenlo) and Bredevorda (Bredevoort) on September 28 and October 9, 1597. The obverse shows a courageous rooster trampling on weapons under the coat of arms of Grolla (Groenlo) and Zutphen. The reverse has a 9-line text in Latin under the coats of arms of the United Provinces and of Maurice, count of Nassau (and after 1618 Prince of Orange). 137 NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 _ September/October 2016 Figure 10 The conquest of Grolla (Groenlo) and Bredevorda (Bredevoort)-1597 Silver triumph medal: 48.56 g, diameter 43.1 mm Photo: Teylers Museum, Haarlem. Inv.-Nr. TMNK 00318 Ref. v. Loon I, p. 497-1, nr. IX Obverse inscription medal: PACIS ET ARMORVM VIGILES ( Guardians of the peace and the war). Reverse 9 line inscription: GROLLA • ET • BREDEVORDA • / AB • EXERC [itu] »FOED [eratarum] *PROV[inciarum] DVCTV / ET • VIRTVTE • ILLVST[rissimi] • PRINC[ipis] • / MAVRITII • RECVPERAT[is]*AC / HISPANIS • TRANS • MOSAM •/ DIMISSIS • ORDINES • / ZVTPHANI^ •L [ege] »L[ata] »F[ieri] »F[ecerunt] / ANNO • / CIO • ID • XCVII • / S • C • (Grol and Breevoort recovered by the army of the United Provinces with the leadership and courage of the illustrious Prince Maurice, and the Spaniards being driven across the Meuse, the States ofZutphen had made this by lawful order. 1597). After the liberation of Twente by Prince Maurice in 1597, the States of Overijssel commisioned a commemorative medal. The diecutter is not known. On the obverse are the 17 coats of arms of the smaller towns of Overijssel separated by ornamental signs of a religious character, within them a legend. In the centre are the coats of arms of Overijssel and the three large cities of Deventer, Kampen and Zwolle. On the reverse there is an 11 line inscription in Latin. The obverse of the medal is taken from an undated square commemorative medal n.d. (not in van Loon). 138 September/October 2016 NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 Figure 11 The liberation of Twente-1597 Silver triumph medal: 57.0 g, diameter 53.0 mm. Photo: Rijks Museum, Amsterdam. Inv.-Nr. NG-VG-1-511 Ref. v. Loon I, p. 494-2, nr. II Obverse inscription: in a pearl edge: * INSIGNIA * ORDINVM * TRANSISS VLAN I/E ( Coats of arms of the States of Overijssel). Reverse inscription: • HISPANIS • * / DEI • OPT[imi] • MAX[imi] • MANV • / * PER • * / PRINCIPEM • MAVRITIVM • / EX • TVBANTIA • TRA[n]S • MOSAM • / ABIRE • IVSSIS, LIBERT ATE [que] • / CIS-RHENANIS • NATIONIBVS • / * RESTITVTA • * / ORDINES • TRANSISVLAN[I/E] • / * L[ege] L[ata] • F[ieri] F[ecervnt] • * / * CIO • ID • IIIC * (By the hand of the very good and greatest God, The Spaniard was forced out from Twente over the river Maas by Prince Maurice and the liberty of the peoples on this side of the Rhine being restored, the States of Overijssel had this made by lawful order, 1597). In 1596 Gerard van Bylaer had struck a triumph medal on the Triple Alliance between France, England and the Netherlands. On the obverse the hand of God coming down from heaven holding ribbons tying together the crowned arms of England, France and the Netherlands, with above the year 1596. On the reverse there is a sheaf, surrounded by the coats of arms of the provinces of Gelderland, Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Friesland and Overijssel tied together by ribbons. For another triumph medal celebrating the successes of Prince Maurice in 1597, Bylaer used the obverse of the Triple Alliance triumph medal. For the reverse he used the die with the 11-line text on Prince Maurice’s victory at Tumhout. 139 NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 _ September/October 2016 Figure 12 / Figure 13 Silver, 46.491 g. and 52 mm Obverse (Figure 12): Triple Alliance between France, England Reverse (Figure 13): Victory at Turnhout-1597 and the Netherlands-1596 Photos Teylers Museum, Haarlem Ref. v. Loon I, n.n. Jetons were also minted in silver and copper with on the reverse side a similar 11-line inscription in Latin. Figure 14 The victory at Turnhout by the Coalition on the Spaniards-1597 Silver jeton: diameter 28.9 mm. Photo Teylers Museum, Haarlem. Inv.-Nr. TMNK 04572 Ref. v. Loon I, p. 496-4, nr. VIII Obverse inscription: [rosette] • A • DOMINO • FACTVM • EST • ISTVD • {This is made by the Lord). Reverse 11 line inscription: ORDIN[vm] / AVSPIC[iis] • PRIN[cipisque] / MAVRI[tii] • DVCTV / HOSTE*AD»TVRN / HOVTVM* C LSO / DECEM • OPIDIS • ET / TRIBVS • ARCIBVS / EX PVG[natis] • ET • TOTA / CISRHE[nana] • DITIO / NE • PACATA / • 1597 • {Under the authority of the States and the leadership of Prince Maurice the enemy cut down at Turnhout, ten cities and three fortresses captured and the entire country on this side of the Rhine pacified, 1597). The successes were a major victory for the Republic. With the alliance with France forcing Spain also to defend the southern border of the Low Countries, it was said that “the garden of the Republic” had been closed to outsiders. Out of gratitude for the successful campaign the States-General had Gerard van Bylaer cut another triumph 140 NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 September/October 2016 medal with on the obverse the crowned lion of the United Provinces facing left, a bundle of seven arrows in his left claw and a raised sword in his right, and on the reverse an 11-line inscription in Latin. Jetons in silver and bronze were struck in Dordrecht. Figure 15 The victory at the battle of Turnhout obtained by prince Maurice-1597 Silver triumph medal: 46.17 g, diameter 50.9 mm. Photo Teylers Museum, Haarlem. Inv.-Nr. TMNK 00317 Ref. v. Loon I, p. 496-2, nr. VI Obverse inscription medal: [rosette] X SOLI X DEO X HONOR X ET X GLORIA X+ (To God alone the glory and praise ). Reverse 11 line inscription: ORDINVM / AVSPICIIS • PRIN / CIPIS[que] • MAVRITII • / DVCTV • HOSTE • AD / TVRNHOVTVM • C^SO / DECEM • OPIDIS • ET / TRIBVS • ARCIBVS • EX / PVGNATIS • ET • TOTA / CISRHENANA • DI / TIONE • PACATA / »1597» (Under the authority of the States and the leadership of Prince Maurice the enemy cut down at Turnhout, ten cities and three fortresses captured and the entire country on this side of the Rhine pacified, 1597). Figure 16 The victory at the battle of Turnhout obtained by prince Maurice-1597 Silver jeton: diameter 28.6 mm. Photo: Teylers Museum, Haarlem. Inv.-Nr. TMNK 04573 Ref. v. Loon I, p. 496-3, nr. VII The States of Zeeland commissioned a jeton on the same subject, which was struck in Middelburg by mintmaster Jacob Boreel (1552-1636). The obverse shows the crowned arms of Zeeland in a cartouche and on the reverse a 10-line inscription in Latin. 141 NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 September/October 2016 Figure 17 The victory of the Coalition over the Spaniards at Turnhout-1597 Silver jeton: 6.92 g, diameter 30.0 mm. Photo: Germania Inferior Numismatics (GIN), Netherlands Ref. v. Loon I, p. 497-6, nr. XIV Obverse inscription: in pearl rim: • O • MIRANDA • DEI • OPERA (O amazing works of God). Reverse 10 line inscription: • [castle] • / HISPANO / APVD / TVRNOV / TVM CAESO • AT / QVE ALPINIANO / TIBERIACO MEVR / SA VNIVERSISQVE / DITIONIBVS TR / ANS RHENNANIS / EXPVLSO • 1597 (The Spaniard cut down at Turnhout and expelled to the Iberian Peninsula from Meurs and in addition all the regions beyond the Rhines. 1597). The last medal described by van Loon is a “memorial medal” of Kampen, struck in the city mint of Kampen. The obverse has two lions holding the coat of arms of Kampen with the lily mintmaster mark of Hendrik Wijntgens, mintmaster of Kampen and Overijssel (1590-1611). On the reverse is a 4-line text in Latin. According to van Loon this medal was struck on the occasion of the opening of the mintbox. The opening of the steel mintbox, where the warden had to deposit a fixed number of pieces from each batch of coins he had struck, was an important event. The government’s controllers checked the weight and alloy of the coins. Figure 18 The “memorial medal” of Campen- 1597 Bronze medal: 21.87 g, diameter 44.0 mm. Photo: Rijks Museum, Amsterdam. Inv.-Nr. M-NG-VG-1-513 Ref. v. Loon I, p. 496-1, nr. V 142 NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 September/October 2016 Obverse inscription: + [lily] + LIBERA CIVITAS IMPERIALIS CAMPEN[sis] (The free Imperial town of Kampen ). Reverse 4 line inscription: HONORIS / ET MORIS ERGO / ANNO / CIO Cl IIIC (First and used in the year 1597). 2-1/2 Daalder Diet Medal of Overijssel n.d. With all this background we can now turn to the medal which actually prompted this article. There is another Overijssel medal which van Loon and many others following him thought was struck to celebrate the battle of Tumhout. Figure 19 Diet medal of Overijssel, n.d. 2 On the obverse in the medallion within a pearl circle are the arms of Overijssel and the major cities of Deventer, Kampen and Zwolle. Around them are (starting at 12 o’clock) the arms of the towns of Hasselt, Gramsbergen, Ommen, Wilsum, Genemuiden, Grafhorst, Oldenzaal, Ootmarsum, Delden, Goor, Enschede, Diepenheim, Rijssen, Almelo, Steenwijk, Vollenhove and Hardenberg. 143 NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 September/October 2016 □ □ *** j pn vp w ^ 91 r *n nr.l6-Vollenhove nr.l7-Hardenberg nr.Ol-Hasselt nr02-Gramsbergen nr.03-Ommen nr.04-Wilsum 01 nr.05-Genemuiden nr.06-Grafhorst nr.l3-Rijssen nr .i2-Diepenheim nr.ll-Enschede nrl0 -Goor nr.09-Delden nr.08-Ootmarsum nr.07-Oldenzaal Figure 20 17 Small Town Coats of Arms and Overijssel, Deventer, Kampen and Zwolle These arms refer to the 17 members of the Knighthood of Overijssel, six of which are in the district of Salland (Wilsum, Genemuiden, Grafhorst, Gramsbergen, Hardenberg, Ommen), eight in the district of Twente (Almelo, Delden, Diepenheim, Goor, Oldenzaal, Enschede, Ootmarsum, Rijssen) and three in the district of Vollenhove (Vollenhove, Hasselt, Steenwijk). Between the coats of arms are 17 ornamental signs, mostly of a religious character. The obverse legend reads: * INSIGNIA _ ORDINVM * TRANSISSVLANI/E (coats of arms of Overijssel). The reverse shows a knight on horseback (Prince Maurice according to many books) with the inscription: [Gelders cross] LIBERTATEM x NEMO x BONVS x NISI x CVM x ANIMA x SIMUL x AMISIT (no honest man has freedom unless he is willing also to lose his life). The medal has the thickness of an old “rijksdaalder” (about 3.4 mm) and a weight of 30.76 grams (2 oud lood and seven engel in the old Dutch Troy weight system). 3 Varieties There are a number of varieties of this medal with different mint master’s marks (small and large rosette, Gelders cross and lily), weight and metal content. Medals with the Gelders cross are known in 1 daalder (Taler) (28.22 g), 1-1/2 daalder (42.32 g) and 2 daalder (piedfort-57.40 g). At the end of November 2014 a coin collector in the USA sent questions about what he called a 2-1/2 showdaalder of Overijssel to a contact at the Numismatic Society of Frisia. He wanted to know more about the coin and he wanted to identify the 17 coats of arms. Since Overijssel is in the Eastern Netherlands, the question was forwarded to 144 NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 September/October 2016 the Numismatic Society of East-Netherlands and the secretary circulated the questions to all the members. It turned out that this was not a coin but a variety of this Overijssel medal that was unknown to me; it is 2-1/2 daalder with a diameter of 54 mm and a weight of 70.13 grams. The medal had appeared in a Fritz Rudolf Kiinker auction in Germany in June 2013. It was described as a 2-1/2 facher Schautaler, n.d.(1597) to commemorate the freeing of the province from Spanish rule, with Prince Maurice of Nassau-Orange on horse on the reverse. 54.21 mm. 70.29 g. van Loon I, page 494, 3. RR Residue of lacquer. VF/EF. 4 In September 2014 the same medal appeared again in an H.D. Rauch auction in Vienna. 5 It was described as an undated (1597) 2-1/2 Schautaler commemorating the expulsion of the Spanish rulers from the Seven Provinces, with Prince Maurice on the reverse. This was the medal purchased by the collector from the United States. Figure 21 Diet medal of Overijssel n.d. Silver commemorative medal: 70.26 g, diameter 54.0 mm. Photo: H. D. Rauch GmbH Auction 95 lot 1369 There is one problem with all this. As some numismatists have pointed out, van Loon was wrong. There is no evidence that this medal was struck to commemorate the battle of Tumhout or the subsequent successful campaign. Indeed, as we have seen in the first part of this article, these triumph medals all included some text on the subject, absent here. There is no evidence that the knight on horseback on the reverse is Prince Maurice. And there is no evidence this medal was struck in 1597. One of these medals with a Gelders cross is in the city museum of Harderwijk. 6 It is attributed to Johan Wijntgens, the first mint master to use a lily as a private mint master’s mark but who also used the Gelders cross. Johan Wijntgens was mint master of Overijssel and Kampen between 1611 and 1635. 7 Wittop Koning dated these medals as being struck in 1635. 8 I believe the States of Overijssel probably had this silver Diet medal 9 struck in 1611 to commemorate the revival of the Klaring in 1607. 145 NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 September/October 2016 Klaring is a legal term that goes back to the 14th century and was used in Overijssel and in some old parts of Gelderland, like Veluwe and Overbetuwe. It means a judgement rendered by an appeals court of a council of knights and other local delegates. Klaring could also mean the appeals court or council itself. During the unrest and violence of the Eighty Years’ War, the Klaring of Overijssel became inactive. However, after 41 years it was revived in 1607 and served as the provincial court of Overijssel till 1795. Overijssel was, of course, one of the seven Dutch sovereign states that made up the United Provinces between 1578 and 1795. The Government of Overijssel was formed by an Executive Council with representatives of the knighthood and the cities. The knights had three votes, the same as the three cities in the province: Zwolle, Deventer and Kampen. A larger Diet (or Parliament) met at intervals to vote on taxes and other matters. The 17 towns whose coats of arms are on the medal would be represented. The system would come to an end in 1795 with the Batavian Revolution. Analysis The new owner had his medal tested with xrf by Dr. Tom Pesacreta, Director of the Microscopy Center at the University of Louisiana in Lafayette. From the picture, I initially thought there was a “plug” on the front of the belly of the horse, although there were no traces of it on the obverse. Dr. Pesacreta’s analysis revealed this was in fact the residue of the applied lacquer. The “drop” consists of carbon (56.982%) and oxygen (42.877 %). Lacquer, a thin liquid transparent varnish based on nitrocellulose, can be used to protect metal against oxidation. According to Kiinker, it was also a protection against scratches and other damage. When one looks at the medal carefully, the light brown residue is clearly visible on the horse on the reverse. The story goes that King Farouk I (1920-1965) of Egypt had many of his valuable coins lacquered. Today such protection has been replaced by coin capsules and slabs. “Damage” on the diet medal of Overijssel The area of the hoof of the horse was examined by using xrf. It showed silver (92.49%), copper (3.60%), carbon (3.34%) and oxygen (0.32%). The area of the sword under the 146 NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 September/October 2016 lacquer residue on the belly of the horse showed silver (94.74%), copper (1.89%), carbon (3.0%) and oxygen (0.32%). The medal is made of a high quality alloy with (92-94%) silver, (2-3%) copper and (3%) carbon. This 2-1/2 daalder medal—and all the other varieties with different weights—are silver commemorative medals of the Diet of Overijssel struck in the years 1611-1635. It is not a triumph metal and it was not struck in 1597. Paul Oostervink (1949) is a member of the Numismatic Society East-Nether lands. The original Dutch version of this article appeared in De Beeldenaar in Nov./Dec. 2015. My thanks to Robert Ronus, for his assistance in producing this expanded English version with more background information. Note: Some of the medals/jetons in this article show Latin text for cites/towns as OPIDIS and others show OPPIDIS. 1 Unknown print maker, to print by Jacob de Gheyn (II), Battle of Turnhout by January, 1597. 2 Overijsselse Almanak voor Oudheid en Letteren van 1841, p.169, Zesde Jaargang. Deventer, J. de Lange 1840. 3 Verhoeff, J.M., 1982: 112. 4 Fritz Rudolf Kunker GmbH & Co, Auction 233, June 17, 2013, lot 2445. 5 H.D. Rauch GmbH, Auction 95, September 30 - October 2, 2014, lot 1369. 6 Stadsmuseum Harderwijk, object: 0-06788. 7 In 1635 Johan Wijntgens also became mintmaster of Gelderland. He practiced his triple function with the help of his son Henry (for whom he had already on March 13,1634 obtained the right of succession from the States of Overijssel) and his sons-in-law Gerrit Sluijkens, mintmaster and rear admiral at Harderwijk and Jan Jellen. That is why there are coins of Gelderland and Kampen with the mintmaster marks of Sluijskens (Gelderland) or Jellen (Kampen) struck when Wijntgens was m in tmaster. 8 D.A. Wittop Koning, 1992: 74. 9 van Rhijn 1840: 231-234. References van Loon, Gerard. Beschryving der Nederlandsche historiepenningen. The Hague: 1723-1731. van Rhijn, J.M. “Een Overijsselsche Gedenkpenning”, in Overijsselssche Almanak voor Oudheid en Letteren, zesde jaargang 1841. Deventer: 1840. Roovers, O.N. “De Noord-Nederlandse triumpfpenningen” in: Jaarboek voor Munt- en Penningkunde 40 (1952) 1-49. Wittop Koning, D.A. De Gelderse Munt in Harderwijk 1584-1806. Bussum: 1992. m 147 NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 September/October 2016 In Memorium: Richard Stuart April 23, 1926 - June 20, 2016 Well kn own Central American specialist and collector Richard Stuart passed away on June 20, 2016 in California at age 90. Mr. Stuart began collecting in the late 1940’s with a broad interest in Latin America and Europe. From 1984 on, Richard’s sole focus was Central America. Richard was active at coin shows and acquired numerous rarities at notable sales including Farouk, Wayte Raymond, Gibbs, 1975 ANA, 1983 ANA, Norweb and Von Schuckmann. Over the years, Richard formed the greatest Central American collection ever assembled. Mr. Stuart was kn own for his extreme generosity in sharing his collection with fellow scholars and collectors. Dozens of us have made the pilgrimage to Northern California and spent many enjoyable hours with Richard, reviewing and discussing the coinage of Guatemala, Costa Rica, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Panama and British Honduras. Exceptional in both quality and comprehensiveness, Richard’s collection has anchored many books and articles including Historia de la Casa de Moneda de Guatemala and Central American Provisional and Provincial Mints (Carlos M. Jara, 2010 & 2007). Richard was bom on April 23, 1926 to Gilbert Stuart and Sara Norwood in Medford, Oregon. Richard obtained a B.A. and Ph.D. in Physics at UC Berkeley and served as staff physicist for Lawrence Livermore Labs from 1952-77, and as a lecturer at UC Berkeley. From 1978 on, Richard was a Consulting Physicist in accident reconstruction. Richard is survived by his wife Elizabeth, sons Paul and John, daughter Amelia Schaller and 6 grandchildren. Richard is preceded in death by his son Eric and sister Graecha. Richard will be fondly remembered by the numismatic community. Submitted by Max A. Keech m 148 September/October 2016 _ NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 Democracy Lex Maria de Suffragiis Dr. Busso Peus Nachfolger Auctions 407/408,7-9 November 2012 lot 1003 P. Licinius Nerva Denar 113/112 v. Chr., auf die von C. Marius wahrend seines Volkstribunats im Jahre 119 v. Chr. eingebrachte Lex de suffragiis. 3.86g. Busteder Roma / Wahlszene. (P. Licinius Nerva Denarius 113/112 BC. Marius during his tribunate in 119 BC introduced the voting law. 3.86 g. Bust of Roma / Election scene) [P. Licinius Nerva, denarius 113/112 BC, Cr. 292, 1 Syd. 548]. A voting law credited to Gaius Marius introduced in 119 BC required narrow, elevated walkways to the voting box presumably to reduce voter influence. Here we see a voter presumably being influenced, or bribed, while in the walkway which demonstrates the need for such a law. See page 46 in Andrew Lintott. The Constitution of the Roman Republic. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. “On election days, voters had to cross over to the polls on walkways called bridges. As tribune in 119 BC, Gaius Marius proposed a law that would narrow these bridges, presumably to make it more difficult for voter to be harangued or threatened as they prepare to cast their votes. One of these consul, Lucius Aurelius Cotta, opposed the measure and demanded that Marius appear before the senate to defend it. Marius did just that, and although he was still a political neophyte, he immediately proclaimed that he would order Cotta to be incarcerated forthwith unless he modified his opinion on the matter. Cotta, in turn, appealed to his consular colleague, Lucius Caecilius Metellus. Metellus threatened to have him arrested. Because neither consul could muster support from other politicians present at the time, they withdrew their opposition and Marius’s proposal subsequently became the Lex Maria (Plutarch Life of Marius 4).” Quoted from page 61 in David Matz. Daily Life of the Ancient Romans. Greenwood Press, 2002. Excerpts selected by the editor. NI 149 NI Bulletin Vol. 51 Nos. 9/10 September/October 2016 Die Alignment 101 Forum Ancient Coins Die alignment, also called die axis or coin rotation, describes how the obverse and reverse dies were aligned to each other when the coin was struck. Die alignment is most often expressed in degrees, but may also be expressed as a clock face hour. Some publications use arrows to describe die alignment. To determine die alignment, hold the coin by the edges between your thumb and index finger with the obverse facing you. Use your other hand to turn the coin until the obverse, still facing you, is perfectly right side up, still held between your thumb and index finger. Then, with your other hand push against the left side of the coin, so it rotates between your fingers like a revolving door (or a globe on its axis) until the reverse is facing you. The location of the very top of the reverse after spinning it between your fingers indicates the die rotation. The chart and clock face below shows the die rotation range from 0 to 359 degrees or from 1:00 to 12:00. If the reverse is right-side-up, the die alignment is 0 degrees or 12:00 (also called medallic rotation). If the reverse is upside down, the die alignment is 180 degrees or 6:00 (also called coin rotation). Normally die alignment is expressed as the nearest 15 degree increment (0, 15, 30, 45, 60...) or the nearest hour, but there is no firm rule. A coin with an axis between 350 and 10 degrees is likely to be described as having a 0 degree die axis, and a coin with a die axis between 170 and 190 is likely to be described as having a die axis of 180 degrees. tetradrachms almost always have a die rotation of270 degrees. Some types do not show any consistency or pattern in die alignment. These issues can be described as struck with “loose dies.” Types struck with hinged dies (dies held in a hinged or other mechanical device) will usually have a fairly consistent standard die axis. Most modern and many ancient coins were consistently struck with a standard or medallic die axis. Article used with permission of forumancientcoins.com m 150